Half Caste, by John Agard Essay Example for Free

one- half(a) Caste, by John Agard Essay verse is used by sources world wide to express them. Many of these songs are precise negative and press out it in the use, and misuse, of language. Other verse forms are more positive. Poets often use their work to express intemperate state of affairss. half Caste is a good example of this because it portrays the generator in a negative situation that the writer expresses his opinions about. Unrelated incidents is a analogous type of poem with a varying, but overall alike problem. The poem Not my business is a more literal poem. The poem is similar because it shows the poet in a difficult situation but the way the poet expresses himself is completely different.In Half Caste, by John Agard, the difficult situation is one of prejudice. The writer is expressing his dislike of the prejudice he suffers because he is of mixed race or, in his word of honors, half caste. The word half-caste is shown to be the culprit in this poem and the entire poem ridicules the word and those who use it. The writer uses various strategies to achieve this goal. In the first paragraph the writer immediately draws the understanders attention with an apology, excuse me, he says. This draws the readers attention because it is a very abrupt way of starting a poem and the reader continues to read to see what he is fact sorry for.Immediately, Agard shows that he was in fact being sarcastic. He uses the foolish mental imagery of a man standing on one leg to show the stupidity of the word half-caste. Agard continues to be ridiculous like this throughout the poem. Agard doesnt confine himself to ridiculous imagery though, he uses imagery of known western icons to prove his address, yu mean when Picasso mix red an green is a half caste canvas. This is legal because to create a good painting an artist will probably have to mix colours, Agards point is that paintings with mixed colours are any worse so why should he be.He uses similar imagery using British weather and Tchaikovsky to prove the same point. The constant use of such imagery shows the reader the difficult situation rather than describing it, in Half Caste the writer uses it to show why e hates prejudice and by doing so tells the reader the prejudice he suffers. . Not my business besides uses imagery, but the imagery is non as subtle and more literal. The poems starts with imagery of brutality beat him barmy like clay. The imagery is very violent and suggests constant repetitive beating. The few words say muckle soft like clay suggests broken bones and tenderness.The imagery is very violent and portrays a very violent regime or lifestyle. This instantly shows the difficult situation in which the writer is in. Later in the poem more imagery is used. The constant repetition of savouring mouth and the personification of objects hungry gift and bewildered lawn create imagery of consumption. These constant images of consumption and brutality lets Osun dare express his situation fully and more interestingly than if it had been written in prose. John Agard also uses a Jamaican dialect in Half Caste.In the entire poem he uses no punctuation, and spells everything phonetically according to the dialect. This deliberate misuse of the incline language is an obvious rebellion to English standards. He writes in English but in a Jamaican dialect showing his problem of being Half Caste. This simple use of dialect says umteen things about his views on his stereotyping. He is rebelling against people who want him only to act English and people who are prejudiced against him. The use of dialect says that if English people furcate against him then he will discriminate against the English language.Unrelated Incidents also uses dialect to show a difficult situation, this time the dialect is sparing and its use is obvious. By using a Scottish dialect the writer instantly shows the difference among him scruff and the BBC accent he is opposed t o. The difference in dialect shows the prejudice Leonard claims to suffer. The prejudice is not one of a different culture but one inside Britain. He is saying by using dialect that no one trusts him, or other Glaswegians because of their accent and their home. He says this in the poem as well by saying if a toktaboot thi trooth lik want to yoo scruff yi widny thingk it wuz troo.

Canadian Women and the Second World War Essay Example for Free

Canadian Wowork force and the Second realness warfare EssayThe changing roles of wowork force throughout history has been drastic, and none more so than the peak during and later World War II. The irrevocable changes that occurred once the fight started and women went to work were unprecedented. In the end, the changing role of Canadas women during the War was the beginning of a chain reaction of events that have forever changed the Canadian workplace and in addition that of mens archaic views on the capabilities of women in general. Many look back to the period during the war in which women were encourage to get out of the kitchen and go to work, and wonder how a five year period could be so instrumental in forever changing the norms of lodge? Two authors, who attempt to strive through a mountain of information and provide a clear picture in result to this question, atomic number 18 Jeff Keshen and Ruth Roach Pierson. Both authors paint a slightly different picture fro m the stacks of papers, minutes, war diaries and publications that covered that pivotal period during World War II where so many Canadians women imbed their voice and their freedom from domesticity.Canadian Women and the Second World War Ruth Roach Piersons judge is written with purely the perspective of women in mind, and the article itself is geared towards a female audience. The source curtly describes the conditions of Canada at the onset of the war and the societal views of the role of women. Although there are no quoted references sited for this essay, there was a vast amount of alternative reading where I am sure one could draw many conclusions.Even with the lack of references, I did find this essay the roughly compelling especi eachy, given the current temper of women in the work force. Ruth Roach Pierson describes in great detail the plight women faced during the war, when they were encouraged by the government and the needs of their families to get out and help su pport their families financially while all of the men were away at war. She goes on to describe the working conditions and child care situations for working women which were less(prenominal) than adequate.As a member of the Canadian Forces and a woman, the most interesting part of the article for me was the descriptions of how women became a uniformed part of the military and how all three branches of service came to assimilate women into active duty and the roles they were allowed to execute in. Throughout the essay, we were told about the deplorable conditions, the lack of suitableity the women faced in the workplace, and the stereotypes that were attached to women that proved very difficult and almost impossible to overcome.At most concern was the in comparison found between men and womens pay, benefits and allowances throughout the World War II era and beyond. The lack of equal pay for equal work caused great contention for women and still does to this day (although it is not quite as blatant in the noncombatant workforce today). The argument of the writer is that the roles selectn on by women during the war forever changed the roles of women in society. I agree with her argument. Had it not been for the war, and the call to work and the military, things would be very different in our society for women, even today.The war was the instrument to get Canadian women to work, and once there, women found their voices to fight the inequality with applaud to working conditions and pay, and paved the way for the next generation of women to continue to work and fight for an equal compete field with their male counterparts . Revisiting Canadas Civilian Women during World War II Jeff Keshens essay is without a doubt written from a mans perspective without much sympathy to the plight civilian women experienced during the World War II era.This article is very well written and cites over blow references, making for a very factual account of the clips. This artic le was geared more towards what contributions were made by civilian women versus the article by Ruth Roach Pierson which put most of the focus on womens roles within the military. Jeff Keshens article pardons how the media plays a of the time played a pivotal role in doing two things specifically, one was to get the women out to work, support their families and contribute to the war cause.The second countered the last by telling women were over and over told how important their role in the home was. Throughout this article the writer makes numerous references towards how the government of Canada attempted to do the right thing towards female workers during the war, but it also shows how the governments heart wasnt into it, thus just making offers to female workers just to appease their complaints for the time being until the war was over.The government was terrible on providing financial support to women whose husbands were away at war, pass only meager amounts of their pay each m onth, thus forcing more women into the workforce. The article goes on to further explain how during the war, women felt empowered by their circumstances and how once the war was over that women continued to fight towards equality and many refused to go back to the kitchen after the war and further challenged the norms by continuing to work.In conclusion, the most compelling argument found during both articles was the willingness of women to move forward and support their families, no matter the approach or the inequalities found between their male counterparts. I have always heard said that women are the backbone of society. Now, this may not be entirely true in the year 2011 with the divided up roles of women and men in families, but it certainly can be said for the years during World War II. Women were faced with the challenge of having their spouses and breadwinners away from home, and they were also faced with the uncertainty of their safe return home to their families.When you geminate this with the call from their government and society to join the work force to help the war effort and take over the roles of the men in society while they were away. Eagerly the women answered that call, and stepped up to take over the roles the men used to hold before the war. Not only were they working full-time jobs, but they were still in charge of their households and raising their children and taking over and completing the roles of husband and fathers for an extremely long period of time.

Littlebrook Power Station Essay Example for Free

Littlebrook Power Station judgeLittlebrook is an embrocate-fired power lay, which uses petroleum to produce electricity. The oil is transported by the sea. It is powered by heavy give the axe oil this means it has to bring tonnes of oil from otherwise countries. Littlebrook is located on the banks of the river Thames in Dartford. In the nineties the CEGB was privatised from that came out npower RWE Innogy from that two companies came out international power. RWE then took over which made RWE npower.There has to be often of work done in the power topographic point likeFinance the finance department is in tout ensemble probability the most important in the power air. Marketing Team this would include a team which goes to the commercialise to buy and sell the electricity on the market. The company has to likewise buy electricity from other companies at a cheaper rate so they dont lose profit. The marketing team also shake up to buy supplies from other countries i.e. at the moment most of the oil in the world is in the Middle East and in Latin America. The company dont have to pay that much for transportation because there argon next to the River Thames.In the power brand there are about 120 mass working this includes the workers the receptionists, catering, security and also the actual worker who are in the power station.In a power station all kinds of people work there. One of the main ones is people likeSecurity are there to nourish the worker and also the visitors from other people who trespass the property they also look at the CCTV to disclose for people who are not meant to be there.Receptionist they greet the people who come to see the power station visitors or the workers they all.Caters they provide food and drink for everybody who visits or works there.Touring staff are the people who befriend the visitors to go around the power station safely.Including these there are people like scientist and engineers who work here. These people are set into departments like* Operations the operation departments is carve up into two one is no special skills and also Engineers1. Engineers to work as an engineer in a power station you will have to have GCSE, A levels and also a true degree to work in the power station2. No specific skills This job requires you to have GCSEs and A levels, also you do not deal a specific skills i.e. engineer this came means you jakes do more than one job.* Maintenance the maintenance departments is divided into two as well, which consist of Fitter and Apprentices.1. Fitter For you to work as a fitter you take on to have a NVQ qualification to frustrate this you necessitate to do practices and then when you pass your exam you tidy sum get this qualification and work at the power station. Apprentices For you to be an apprentice at the power station you need to have good GCSE results and met the requirement they ask for.* Engineering is also divided into two several(predic ate) paths this consist of a degree and a good degree.1. Degree in engineering you can get a degree in Mechanical, Electrical, Computing Control this might be getting a unmarried man of engineering degree or other degrees.2. Good Degree to get this job you will need to have a master degree in engineering this involves a more skilled and a person which has more knowledge about engineering.* Chemistry Environment to do this job you simply need to get a standard degree in engineering to do this work.* Administration and Finance/ procurement Commercial to be able to do this work you need to have a wide target of knowledge and skills to do it. To do this job you need to have good GCSE results and also a good degree.* Managers to work as the manger of the power station you need to have a good degree.When the oil has been transported form other countries to the power station it is then transferred this to the 4 tanks near the bank, where the oil is filtered then because the oil is heavy and thick it has to be pushed at a high pressure to move it the oil zeal to the boiler. Then in the boiler chamber it has 3 boilers in there and each boiler can burn up to 4,500 tonnes of oil each day. Then when oil is heated then it will farm heat and then this heat would be able to heat the piddle and then change it to steam, this would be able to turn the turbines to apply this efficient the steam will be going through the turbines twice. aft(prenominal)ward the turbine is moving the generator starts to move the rotor then takes affect and then creates an electric current. Then after the steam has finished it moves in to the condenser which turns the steam into water where there are pipes with cold water from the river Thames to condense the steam. After all of this electric current is made at a voltage of 23,500. To make this more efficient the voltage has been increased when it is sent into the National Grid system.ICT in the power station is used a lot, when I fir st visited Littlebrook Power Station I thought there would be more than a thousand workers then when I heard they were only 120 I was shocked. So ICT in the power plant is very important. First of all ICT is used for communication from the main inhabit to the lower rooms. The machines in the big hall have to also be computerised because the things you have to do are lots that humans can do.

Monitoring System For Automatic Plant Irrigator

observe System For Automatic seed down IrrigatorIrrigation is of the order to tearing the correct and to improve the quality of crops. Automatic irrigation is a modern method that apply for watering vegetables, fruits and farm crops. This suggest paper entrust describe reflex(a) plant irrigator purported by using micro coverler. The main shoot for of this project is to design an automatic watering device by sleuthing the primer coat conditions. In addition, the project as well as aims to design a soil wet demodulator that belowside be easily integrated with a microcontroller. To achieve this objective, just about research and studies has been done in some previous similar project. Based on the review, the methodology that apply in this project argon distinguish into 2, which is hardware and software parts. Both development are involving design, experimentation, simulation and face to get an expected pass on which meets the project objective. Data analysis fo r this project will proceed after the completion of the hardware and the software procedure. This is for the purpose to discover the project clear achieve the objective and as well to ensure the reliability of the governing body.C(iii) lucubrate proposal of projectCadangan maklumat projek secara terperinci(a) IntroductionPengenalanWhen it comes to agricultural activities, irrigation in one of the vital process. Irrigation remains is an essential all important(p) element for plant growth. It also one of major effect in any plant nuance as it may affect on the growth of plant. Irrigation in agriculture term is defined as an artificial application of watering of the arable land or soil. body of water is most important to our liveliness and we cannot survive without it. Water also is essential ingredient of plant. Most of gardener usually uses manual technique to watering their plant. This technique corpse is inefficient. erstwhile(prenominal), the possibility to over watering is full(prenominal) when use this technique.In recount to overcome this problem, Automatic plant irrigator is utilise. Automatic plant irrigator or better known as an automatic plant watering system of rules is a system that is introduced not only provide a programmable watering system but also a continuous monitoring system. The main goal of this project is to design an automatic plant irrigator where the system is equipped with a reliable soil water level or moisture demodulator. This system is applicable for small or medium agricultural-industry. This system will be dual-lane into three main unit of measurements which are detecting element, control element and final control element. Sensor such as soil moisture detector are use to control the watering system(b) chore statementPernyataan MasalahNowadays, automatic plant irrigator system is commonly applied in agriculture such as domestic gardening. In this industry, automatic plant irrigator system usually utilise to s upply water to confirm soil moisture so plants can grow well.Unfortunately, at that place are still gardeners or farmers who maintain use manually watering technique because not all of them afford to buy the system. Over-watering possibility would draw if this manual process is still practiced. It will caused the plants drown if supply too much water for them. Sometime this manual technique also make the process water late take a shites or does not reach the roots of plants and this will cause the plant get dried. Lack of water can be insidious to the plant or even can render it wi in that locationd. The effect of this lack of water can also s let loose down the process of plant growth and will also affect the light saddle of the plants. In the conventional system, farmers also need monitor the irrigation timetable, as each plant has a various time in terms of watering time.An automatic plant irrigation monitoring system is the good event to overcome this problem. This irri gation system is not only provides a good hydration system for plant but also provides the controller that allows the user to set their irrigation system operation. Users also can set the level of moisture that is allowed jibe to the specification in the soil so their crops will always have a maintained moisture level.(c) Objective (s) of the honkObjektif ProjekTo compare the sensitivity of cardinal type of detector probe that was made of untarnished steel and copperTo design reliable soil moisture sensorTo design automatic plant irrigator monitoring system(c) Project ScopeSkop ProjekThis project will be focus to design low cost automatic plant irrigation. The project involves the evolution of manually watering techniques to automatic watering techniques. The domineering of the automatic watering system in an agricultural. To complete this project in such systematic and nonionized manners, some scope and limitation should be set accordingly.Sensor used to control the watering system is soil moisture sensor. there are several software will be used, the software is livewire that been used to simulated the spell. The second software that will be used in this project Visual elementary 6 that been used to implement the graphical user interface for PIC as the system controller.The converse between Visual Basic and automatic plant irrigator system will be determined by using an address to give or receive digital or analog signal.(e) Literature checkKeterangan latar belakang projek kajian literatureSoil moisture sensorSensor is a device which used to measure a physical quantity and convert this information into a signal that can be read by the observer or a tool. 1The Sensor converts one form of energy into another form because the sensor is a transducer. For this reason, the sensor is categorized according to the type of energy transfer that they detected. Soil moisture metre provides very useful information to agriculture, such as agriculture farm, soil stability, soil moisture and construction activities. 2The probe selection for sensor is very important. This is because the material that used in the probe. Sensor sensitivity is depending on the material that used to construct the probe and also depends on how the sensor operates. Typically, soil moisture sensor is based on the vindication value of the soil. Water is a type of electric conductance. So generally, if the resistance is low, the soil is dry and vice versa. 3.Gypsum block is a product of the low cost soil moisture monitoring. Their low cost and ease of interpretation make this block is particularly suitable for seasonal crops. There are two electrodes embedded in the gypsum block. When gypsum wet, it will conduct electric easily and when gypsum dry, it is a sorry conductor. A pair of electrode within the block will measure the change in the resistance. It is possible promptly using a pair of electrode measure the resistivity in the soil but the measurement will infl uence by changes in soil conductivity brought about by salt and other ingredients. The ion gypsum provided a buffer against the effects of salt and nutrients. It is very effective for prevention of salt ions from reaching the electrode and to ensure the sensor is only responding to moisture level. 4PICMicrocontroller is a computer on- a- chip. It is a type of intelligence processor that can be programmed for collecting data from input. Microcontroller frequently uses in automatically control devices such as contrary control system, toys and hardware. 5PIC is used as the main brain system in a moisture monitoring system. Technically, PIC is used to converts analog signals to digital signal that can be read by computer that provided the view of monitoring system. In the measurement of soil moisture, the soil moisture sensor capability to measure the difference (voltage) across the probe and transmit the measure to the PIC. PIC will convert the construe into the soil moisture level. This is achieved by setting the conversion unit into the PIC programmed.6Irrigation SystemThe main purpose of Automatic irrigation management system is proposed to offer the following benefits first, it is able to provide the amount of water essential by plants in the field. Second, it can eliminate the time and scheduling system for watering plants. Third, it also managed to hold on the pressures caused by over-watering plants. In conclusion, this system is to promote the save and production water. 7With the increasing needs for agriculture, kind-hearted straggle to realize that agriculture activity are needs plentiful source of water just wish how they need water to survive. As time goes by, the increase in population and the area of settlement grows wider. So, human has created a device that allows them to get water even they are far from the water source. The earliest system known as aqueducts. 8Soil moisture Monitoring SoftwareThe software is designed to monitor system o peration. This is to record the measurement of soil moisture so that can be used as a reference for plant watering strategies to produce better yields. The data recording is very important since antithetical patterns in the irrigation schedule do affect the crops growth. 9The concept of monitoring system is also beneficial to operators to dish up them monitor for any abnormalities in the system during operation. The software also provides a graphical display system operation. The display helps the operator to determine the level of soil moisture and watering system conditions during operation. This will ensure the system is healthy and operate normally. 10Soil water percentage experimentBefore starting the experiment, the method of calculation needs to be determined first. For this project, the water percentage will be calculated by referring to the mass of dry soil. This method will apply three general equations which are normally used to determine the water percentage using the oven dry method.(d) MethodologyKaedah projekFor sensing unit, the design stage is started with the soil moisture sensor circuit design. In this project, the voltage divider circuit is used. After the soil moisture circuit has been confirmed, the next step is determining the material that is used as a sensor probe. here are two types of probes were used which is stainless steel and copper. Experiment and analysis will be conducted on both of the probe. Result from both of the probe will be taken and compared to determine which probe more(prenominal) suitable as a sensor probe.The selection of reliability sensor is depend on the high electric conductivity and also has a high corrosion resistance. The sensor probe is build of two rods which are separated for 2 cm. The two rods are separated so that when the probe is inserted into the soil there will be a potential difference across them. These potential difference is varies with the soil resistivity.The microcontroller used in this p roject is the Duemilanove Arduino. The Arduino is equipped with the Atmega328 PIC with a built in USB interface which provides an easy serial publication connection between the controller and computer to provide the GUI display. The Arduino is programmed to obtain the voltage reading from the sensing unit and display it.Action unit in the project is automatic plant irrigator system. This unit consists of two small units which is water pumps and dripping system. Water pumps supplying 240V power supply and its operation is controlled by a relay. That is triggered by the arduino.(g) ReferencesApplication of sensor manual, Principles and Basic, 1999R.Frank, Research on the soil moisture sensor, 2000C.C. Shock, R. Flock, E. Feibert, C.A. Shock, A. Pereira, L. Jensen, Irrigation Monitoring with Soil Water Tension. Oregan State University, 2005Model KS-D1 owners manual, DELMHORST INSTRUMENT CO.Application of Microcontroller manual, Principle and the BASIC Stamp, 1999. Juang, J.-N. Ekong, D .U. Carlson, C. Longsdorf, W. Miller, M. , A Computer-Based Soil wet Monitoring and Hydrating System, System Theory, 2007. SSST 07. Thirty-Ninth Southeastern Symposium on , vol., no., pp.142-144, 4-6 March 2007Julie S.Chang. Western Washington University. 10-22-2006C. Brouwer, K. Prins, M. Kay, M. Heibloem. Irrigation Water Management Irrigation Methods, Rome, Italy Publications Division, fodder and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1988C. O. Akinbile, M. S. Yusff, Growth, Yield and Water use Pattern of Chilli Pepper under Different Irrigation Scheduling and Management, Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(2), pp 154 163, 2011.Y. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. Guan, W. Yin, Study on precision water-saving irrigation automatic control system by plant physiology, Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2009. ICIEA 2009. 4th IEEE Conference on , vol., no., pp.1296-1300, 25-27 May 2009D rile TO EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL / KEMUDAHAN SEDIA ADA UNTUK KEGUNAAN BAGI PROJEK INIEquipmen tPeralatanLocationTempatEBUDGET /BELANJAWANPlease indicate your estimated budget for this projectSila nyatakan anggaran bajet bagi cadangan projek ini calculate detailsButiran belanjawanAmount requested by applicantJumlah yang dipohonoleh pemohonComment by panelFYP 1PSM 1(RM)FYP 2PSM 2(RM)E (i)Project Materials SuppliesBekalan dan Bahan ProjekCopper rods(Rm5.00)PCB BOARD(RM2.00)E (ii)Maintenance and Minor location ServicesBaik pulih kecil dan ubahsuaiE (iii)Professional ServicesPerkhidmatan IkhtisasE (vi)Accessories andEquipmentAksesori dan PeralatanTOTAL AMOUNTJUMLAH BESARRM7.00FDeclaration by candidate / Akuan Calon(Please tick ( )) / (Sila tanda ( ))I hereby confess thatSaya dengan ini mengaku bahawaAll information stated here are accurate, Supervisor and panel has right to reject or to cancel this proposal without prior notice if there is any inaccurate information given.Semua maklumat yang diisi adalah benar, Penyelia dan panel berhak menolak permohonan atau membatalkan taw aran cadangan ini pada bila-bila masa sekiranya keterangan yang dikemukakan adalah tidak benar.Application of this Project Proposal is presented for a FYP 1 seminar.Permohonan cadangan projek projek ini dikemukakan untuk Seminar PSM 1. picture Candidates Signature Tarikh Tandatangan Calon ___________________________GRecommended by FYP SupervisorPerakuan Penyelia PSMPlease tick ( )Sila tandakan ( )RecommendedDiperakukanA. Highly RecommendedSangat DisokongB. RecommendedDisokongC. Not Recommended (Please specify reason)Tidak Disokong (Sila Nyatakan Sebab)CommentsUlasan find out SignatureNama TandatanganDateTarikhAppendix A Flow Chart of Project ActivitiesStartProposing a project titleDevelopment of monitoring system for Automatic Plant IrrigatorLiterature ReviewSoil Moisture SensorPIC3. Irrigation SystemDesign the systemSystem block diagramSoil Moisture Sensor Circuit3. Programming PICSystem ConstructionRun simulation for sensor circuit using LiveWire ProSystem hardware and softwa re constructionSystem testing and analysis nett report physical composition and submissionEndAppendix B Project Schedule of Project Activities (Gantt chart)Project PlanningList major activities involved in the proposed project. Indicate duration of each activity to the colligate month(s).20122013Project ActivitiesSept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Jan.Feb.Mac.Apr.MayJuneFinding out the project title and proposal submissionSearch for relevance information with the projectDesigning and testing of the sensing unitDesigning and testing of the action unitIntegrating the sensing and the action unitRun testing and analysisFinal report writingAppendix C TURNITIN Report must be attached

MAS holdings: An overview

MAS holdings An overviewMAS Holdings is a large app arl manufacturer in Sri Lanka, whose partners are also some opposite well-known fashion brands in the world including Victoria Secret, Gap, Inc., Nike etc., as introduced by Watson and recital (2006). Its About us website also states that MAS is now a giant in South Asian in undergarment and athletic wear manufacturing industry with more than USD 700 million of revenue e very year. The societys history was described thoroughly by Watson and Story (2006), from which a number of reasons for its success could be figured out. However, the factors standing out from those reasons were from its oversight activities. This assignment is overtaking to analyse the above aspects with the MAS courtship study by Watson and Story (2006).The first thing to be discussed is how the toilet manager helped it flourish. In this case, the roles of a manager in the general context of descent should be considered. agree to Mintzberg (1973) in Bodd y (2008), there are 10 roles for a manager to play in total. Those roles are split up into 3 main categories readingal roles, interpersonal roles and decisional roles then described by Mintzberg (1973) in Boddy (2008). Informational roles are required from managers for the information inside and outside of the organisation to be received and transferred. This includes monitor (finding and acquiring information), disseminator (passing the information acquired) and instance (passing the information to out of the company). Interpersonal roles are required from managers to build and maintain relationships between race in the company and also with people outside, which comprise of figurehead (representing the organisation in formal events), leader (making people do their jobs and help them to improve) and liaison (networking between the business and its stakeholders). Decisional roles are required for managers to make right decisions for the sure including entrepreneur (creating new things, making significant varietys, catching opportunities and indicating exploitation routes), disturbance handler (solving accidental problems or changes), resource allocator (distributing the resources of the organisation to the right sector with the right amount and in the right quantify) and negotiant (convincing the stakeholders). Mintzberg (1973) suggested in Boddy (2008) that every manager plays all of these roles, however the priority of each role may switch depending on his/her position.In the case study of MAS by Watson and Story (2006), there were a variety of evidences reinforcement the application of the above roles. Firstly, the informational roles could be proved by the way the production line was supervised The supervisors move by dint of each cluster of machines, making notes. They sync their Palm Pilots to the central database to post their lines current skill and productivity numbers on the electronic boards overhead. (Watson and Story (2006), page 5), which showed the monitor and disseminator roles. With this method, the production management of MAS became very professional that enabled itself and its partner to continuously track the production progress and make changes when necessary to append efficiency or to meet the new demand, while creating a good image for MAS as a reliable manufacturer. On the other hand, the interpersonal roles were proved mainly by leadership. In this aspect, the MASs managers, oddly the Amaleans who chose follow an ethical business concept, attempted to motivate the employees by a very high-quality working milieu and by the provision of life supports, teach, education, as well as promotion prospects, which helped some exemplary persons like TNS Kumari to noticeably change their poor lives. As a result, this again created another good image for MAS, this time as a business doing the right thing (not the sweatshops bias in apparel industry at that time), attracted more local talent who tend to see k opportunities overseas and maintain strong relationships between the company and employees, which were important for further development. Last but not least, the decisional roles were proved mainly by entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurship of MASs managers is illustrated through the fact that the Amaleans started their own business, created new units (two IT branches, an own brand Amante in 2007 as introduced in Amante page on MAS Website) looked for and caught opportunities (creating joint ventures with some(prenominal) famous fashion brands then learn from them the modern technology and business implement) and obdurate the paths of development (concentrating on lingerie manufacturing, reaching high technology by partnership with Speedo). These were some of the major(ip) decisions that boost MASs growth from a USD 6 million annual revenue firm in 1990 to an over USD 570 million annual revenue one in 2005, according to Exhibit 2, page 18 in Watson and Story (2006).The second to pic of this assignment is the management approach. As Worthington and Britton (2009) said, in the general business context, there are 3 main approaches unmingled approach, human relations approach and systems approach. According to Worthington and Britton (2009), the classical approach is based on scientific management and bureaucracy, which were studied by Taylor (1856-1915) and Weber (1864-1920) respectively. The former center increasing productivity by the one best way to do the job and by honour employees financially toward the common achievement of the organisation. The latter insists on the formality of the organisation (the hierarchy). Next, the human relations approach, instead, focuses on the people, the social and psychological effects on their performance including motivations, leadership, communications and group dynamics and the informal relationships in the formal environs, which was early studied by Elton Mayo (1880-1949). Lastly, the systems approach views the or ganisation as a sight of different correlative sections and if a change occurs with one section, the other sections will also have to change accordingly in order that the overall performance will not be undermined. This approach is considered to bug out later and to be more complex than the two first ones.In the MAS case study by Watson and Story (2006), in respect of the definitions of different management approaches above, the human relation approach appeared to be close considerable. This approach was obviously supported by the concept of an ethical business in combination with several extra benefits which gives MASs employees a lot of incentives. Consequently, in the case study, it was mentioned that despite the cost of this business practice Even Sharad, the former CFO, thought that payback came in different forms employees who embraced the company culture, higher productivity, lower downtime. At this point, the level of employees satisfaction should be measured, which can b e done by Maslow needs hierarchy in Worthington and Britton (2009). There are 5 levels in this hierarchy physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualisation. As can be seen from the case study, most of these motives of MASs workers were met. For physiological needs, they were working in well-designed factories, able to have free breakfast and eat as well as to use the on-site medical centre. For safety, the well-designed factories and the medical centre also gave a hand, in addition to the abuse-free working environment and the right to stop the production line when there are troubles. For love, the strong relationships had been built between the employees and the company itself, the employees and managers and the employees with each other through the friendly working environment and many extra activities. For esteem, the workers were assured that they were working in an ethical business with high labour threadbare and they also had chances to participate in MAS Women Go Be yond programme. For self-actualisation, they were able to attend different kinds of classes or training and to have promotion opportunities. These examples made the human relations approach in MAS evident.In conclusion, the prosperity of MAS was notably influenced by the proper of different management theories, of which the most outstanding are the roles of managers and the human relations approach. part the roles of managers were well played in MAS and help sharply strengthen the business, the human relations approach did that from the very inside of the firm the satisfaction of each of the people working for it. MAS would still need these advantages for its further development and the way it runs might be a notable example for other companies.REFERENCEAbout us n.d Online MAS Holdings. Available http//www.masholdings.com/ Accessed 11 November 2009.Amante n.d Online MAS Holdings. Available http//www.masholdings.com/ Accessed 11 November 2009.Boddy, D. (2008) Management An Introduct ion. 4th ed. Harlow Pearson Education.Watson, N. and Story, J. (2006) MAS Holdings Strategic Corporate Social duty in the Apparel Industry. INSEAD.Worthington, I. and Britton, C. (2009) The Business Environment. 6th ed. Harlow Pearson Education.

Money Is The Biggest Motivator Commerce Essay

coin Is The Biggest Motivator Commerce EssayMoney is the biggest motivator of volume at the break awayplace. Most great deal are do by bills. correspond to Alison Griffiths, journalist of Metro Canada, survey showed that 53 percent of cosset boomers in Canada did compliments to earn much cash while 32 percent of them did plan to open a own business after privacy to earn more property too. Besides that, Reuters (2012) similarly stated that 31.4 percent of Americans aged from 65 to 69 were still working in year 2010, compared to year 1990 with a lower percentage which is 21 percent. These showed that Baby sweep throughers value property as an master(prenominal) motivation factor. For example, A Generation X employee tells a Boomer passenger vehicle that he had been working too hard and request for taking an off for family vacation. Instead of adage thanks, the Boomer replies, I work to get ahead, to get a packaging, not for a vacation. The Boomer manager then gave the employee a bonus, rather than a vacation (Hammill, G., 2005). In contrast, Generation X seek a work-life balance where they go forth take less bills if they are given opportunity to work lesser hours and have snip off to spend with family or take a vacation. For them, money act as an incentive or recognize but it does not add value to the moving in. Whilst, Boomers are attracted to office staff and flush more money rather than placing value on vacation time or flex time. According to Mcshane (2010), Generation X and Generation Y employees expect a more egalitarian workplace. For them, money is an profound factor but it is not a standalone. A study by Accenture consulting firm found that 50% of middle managers were interested in virgin job that provide benefits much(prenominal) as more time off rather than more pay (Williams, R., 2010) Thus, money is precise important to employees for number of reasons. I hard intrust that money is the major and biggest motivator a t the workplace. Some of the motivation theory model likewise explains the importance of money as a major motivator factor such(prenominal) as Maslows inescapably Hierarchy Theory, ERG Theory, Equity Theory and etc.2.0 ContentMaslows unavoidably hierarchy theoryAccording to Maslow, the to the proudest degree basic needs on the needs hierarchy had to be satisfied before the next train of needs emerge (Mcshane, 2010). Maslow stated that mortal needs are arranged in a hierarchy from the lower level to the high level of needs. It separate individual needs into 5 levels which is physiological needs, guard needs, belongingness needs, measure needs and self-actualization. Money which is a basic needs for survival, as stated by Maslow, it is very important as money can get shelter, food, clothing, water and other(a) necessaries of life to satisfy individual basic physical needs such as physiological and security needs. As a head of fact, p use is motivated to work in the ag reement to receive economic rewards to meet his basic needs. Whilst, the organization services an individual to satisfy their basic needs by providing obedient salaries, benefits and good working condition. Besides that, the about general theoretical explanation for moneys importance is the fact that it is useful for obtaining many other things that we want and handle for because of its symbolic value (Davis, K. and raw(a)strom, J. W., 2002). Thus, money or pay did satisfy individual drives and needs. Company and organization such as Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS), Tesco, Kelloggs, Siemens motivates its workers by providing these basic needs wherever they create job (McShane, 2010). Furthermore, money or pay is frequently used as a standard used for likeness for social status and personal accomplishment (Davis, K. and new-sprung(prenominal)strom, J. W., 2002). In addition, money or pay can help an individual to acquire a higher level on Maslows motivational needs hierarchy, in cluding social esteem and self-actualization (Davis, K. and Newstrom, J. W., 2002). For instance, money can carve the path towards social recognition, making it possible for early retirement, a good education for ones children as healthy as free time for enjoyment. For example, a manager motivate his worker by raises his workers pay because the worker had done a good job. The worker felt he was reckon and rewarded as well as more security and was highly pleased with this recognition (Davis, K. and Newstrom, J. W., 2002). Hence, money or pay did push ones self-esteem as well as self-respect.ERG TheoryIn ERG theory, needs affect an individuals behavior as described by Maslow. Alderfers ERG theory reorganizes Maslows five groups into three which is mankind, relatedness, and growth (McShane, 2010). Existence needs are the selfsame(prenominal) as physiological and safety needs as Maslow. Relatedness needs are the same as belongingness needs as Maslow. Growth needs are the same as se lf-esteem and self-actualization needs. irrelevant Maslow, which only explained how people progress up the hierarchy, ERG theory also describes how people regress down the hierarchy when fail to fulfills a higher needs (McShane, 2010). In another word, Alderfer suggested that more than one needs whitethorn be operative at the same time. Likewise, assume that a nurse who is seeking a promotion because the promotion will raise her pay. This promotion will promote her to a head nurse position would help meeting the nurses needs for growth as well. After a prolonged wait, she learned that she was dropped from gain ground consideration. She becomes frustrated, disappointed, and concerned about her future. Her supervisor and her co-workers talk with her assuring her that other opportunities will occur and her value to other co-workers is immeasurable. After few days of feeling frustrated, she redirected her need for the promotion to the relatedness category and seems to enjoy her work and her colleagues. Furthermore, Alderfer also suggested that the failure to satisfy relatedness or growth needs will cause renewed interest in existence needs. For instance, this might increase the desire for more money or for expose working condition. Likewise, money or pay which is the factor of existence needs. It drives people to go to work for survival. Individual at the existence level who is given the opportunity to earn additional $100 will be more motivated compare to someone earning $100,000 per year. This can be explained with McClellands theory which low achiever view monetary reward as an end in itself while high achiever view monetary reward as symbol of success or achievement and feedback about job performance. In contrast, the importance of money or pay is indeed a strong motivator. It ensures an individual primary needs to be met as well as providing security and personal growth and development as the worker is assign to perform more responsibility on the job. Ot her than achievement, money can be use to buy affiliation and power. For example, people can use money to buy their way into expensive clubs as well as good-looking them the capacity to influence others such as through political contributions. Furthermore, money or pay is classified as a hygiene factors in Frederick Herzbergs motivator-hygiene theory. Herzberg suggested that manager first must improve the hygienic conditions of work before trying to increase motivation. Negative hygienic conditions distract employees because they are necessary for building a foundation on which to maintain a reasonable level of motivation in employees. Therefore, the role of money or pay must not be ignored.prediction TheoryAccording to Victor Vrooms Expectancy theory, the theory stated that work effort is directed toward behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes. That is, people are motivated to achieve the goals with the highest expected payoff. For example, a person may be a h igh-performing employee because he believes that this will lead to a merit increase in pay. This means that an employee must want more pay or money which is valence, must believe that effort will be made in producing desired performance which is expectancy, and must trust that the monetary reward will follow better performance which is instrumentality. Most employees do respond to money as a reward. For instance, a person may prefer a 10 percent merit increase rather than transfer to a new department. Thus, money often has high valence. Likewise, pay or money also plays a larger role in applicants job choices. That is, a level of pay must be met before an individual will even consider accepting a job offer. Company that offer starting salary or pay below the market range will not even being considered by the applicant. In another word, money can attract employee as well as retaining the employee such as offer high salaries and increased variable pay.Equity TheoryIn equity theory, the equity principle infers that people should be paid in proportion to their contribution. The theory posits that individuals evaluate the fairness of their pay by study their own ratio of inputs and outcomes to the input and output of other person such as close coworkers, workers in other companies, or the employees past work history. In addition, the theory predicts that an individual who perceives his raise to be inequitable is likely to change his behavior in several ways like expressing dissatisfaction to his supervisor, working harder to get a bigger raise next year, working less to bring her inputs in line with his perceived outcomes, or even quit the job in disgust. Hence, money or pay level clearly becomes important as an outcomes perceived by the employees in exchange for their services. For instance, it will affect employee behaviors if it is cut. As such, employees are on high alert and sensitive for every time employers make pay changes. It reflects differences in how the employees are regarded or value by the employer. In another word, employees react strongly to changes in pay. An example of employee reaction to underpayment shabbiness occurred in a manufacturing plant that the company cut 15 percent pay of all employees because some important contracts were canceled. The affected employees reacted by doubling their normal theft rate by stealing tools and supplies from the company. derangement rate also increased from 5 percent to 23 percent. In particular, underreward seems to produce motivational accent with negative consequences. Hence, pay was a symbolic scorecard to employee that they are overreward, equity or underreward.3.0 Recommendation base on the above theory and facts, in emphasizing the importance of money as the biggest motivator, we are not saying that money is the only important motivator but money play a key role in motivating people especially among the low achiever. Indeed, it is clear that many other factors such as intere sting work, participation in decision making, flexible working hour and etc are also important motivator to many people. However, in order for money to be the biggest motivator, pay or money has to be used in a way that would produce motivation such as incentives or bonuses that boost the morale of the workers by performing better performances. This is simply because money acts as a chemical mechanism for rewarding and modifying behavior in industry. It is an extrinsic reward that encourages people to work harder, more energetically as well as motivate the employee to achieve higher level of performance. Furthermore, the effectiveness of money as a motivator depends on variety of individual and situational factors. Each individual has different perception, preferences, expectancy, and self-concept toward money. Thus, manager has to talk to their employees to check and find out which needs or preferences a particular employee is seeking.4.0 ConclusionIn conclusion, we strongly beli eve that money is indeed the biggest motivator in the workplace. Based on the points and statements above, we can clearly see that money is indeed the important factor that motivates people at the workplace. Money is regarded as a very high reward for the individuals that have worked hard for it. It is also regarded as the highest form of reward for employees. The higher the pay grade, the higher the recognition they receive from their employers as well as from the working mates. Finally, we conclude that money is indeed the just about important factor that motivates individuals at the work place.(2001 words)5.0 ReferencesMcShane, S.L. and Glinow, M.A.V. (2010) Organizational Behavior. 5th ed. New York McGraw Hill.Luthans, F. (2008). Organizational Behavior. 11th ed. New York McGraw Hill.Gibson, J.L., Ivancevich, J.M., Donnely, J.Jr. and Konopaske, R. (2003) Organizational Behavior Structure Processes. 11th ed. New York McGraw Hill.Newstorm, J.W. and Davis, K. (2002) Organizational Behavior Human Behavior At Work. 11th ed. New York McGraw Hill.Gibson, J.L., Ivancevich, J.M. and Donnely, J.Jr. (1997) Organizations Behavior Structure Processes. 9th ed. United States of America McGraw Hill.Edward, J. (2011) Organizational Behavior Intergrating Individuals, Groups, and Organizations. 4th ed. Milton commonality Taylor Francis Group.Banerjee, M. (1995) Organizational Behavior. 3th ed. Madras Allied Publishers Limited.Aswathappa K (2005) Human Resource and Personnel Management Text and Cases. 4th ed. New Delhi Tata McGraw-HillRaju, R.S. and Parthasarathy, A. (2009) Management. 2nd ed. New Delhi PHI Learning Private Limited.The Times 100 (2012) Motivational Theory In praxis At Tesco Online. Retrieved from http//businesscasestudies.co.uk/tesco/motivational-theory-in-practice-at-tesco/taylors-motivational-theory.htmlaxzz2ChPkuekgl Accessed 12 November 2012 .The Times 100 (2012) Motivating Through Total Reward Online. Retrieved from http//businesscasestudies.co.uk/ro yal-bank-of-scotland/motivating-through-total-reward/what-is-motivation.htmlaxzz2Ch7FZfye Accessed 12 November 2012.Griffiths, A. (2012) The Boom In Canadian Baby Boomer Small Business Online. Retrieved from http//metronews.ca/voices/alison-on-money/404772/the-boom-in-canadian-baby-boomer-small-businesses/ Accessed 12 November 2012.Hammill, G. (2005) Mixing and Managing Four Generations Of Employees Online. Retrieved from http//www.fdu.edu/newspubs/ cartridge clip/05ws/generations.htm Accessed 12 November 2012.

Nature versus Nurture: The debate

temper versus Nurture The field of operationA View of Two Fields of judge handst Nature versus NurtureA debate has been brewing in the surface atomic number 18a of education and philosophy for hundreds of years. M whatever cerebrals earn pondered e truly come in this subject and take in taken unmatchable look or the op laye, save if to this day no definite settle workforcet exists. The battle of spirit versus nurture, or rationalism versus empiricism, has so long been debated and has been turn to in so such(prenominal)(prenominal) writings that unmatched would be wakeless(prenominal) pressed to find an educator who hasnt fantasy process more than or less this radical and considered the merits of distri scarceively indoctrinate of thought. This debate mends how educators as certain(a) their scholars as salubrious as how they believe baberen understructure be taught, so it is important to explore the history of for each adept side and investigate the evidence so educators as comfortably up as resurrects bunghole understand how to access their childs potential.In 380 B.C.E. Plato wrote a play titled Meno. In this work, he discussed by dint of his characters how make was establish on recollection. This concept was derived from the sentiment that once a homophile cosmos dies, his soul is reincarnated into a nonher merciful being and that revolutionaryly born m whatsoeverbody has altogether of the fellowship that his former life possessed. Therefore, Plato believed in the radical that be intimateledge was inhering (Allen 165-174). He believed that multitude were divided into cordial or intellectual sectionalisati angiotensin-converting enzymes by the type of metal that supposedly ran through their souls. These metals were gold, silver, brass and campaign and they were utilise to keep the social hierarchy in check. If almostone were believed to fetch gold in their soul, they would theoretically g everyw heren the conjure up and be of high-performance lore. Someone who had silver in their soul was seen as a warrior of the state and if someone was believed to put one over brass or iron in their soul, they were never meant for a high ranking position in the social scene of action all to dwell on the earth as members of the lower class (Voegelin 230). The next great thought to enter the disposition versus nurture debate came around in the mid 1600s. Rene Descartes created an entire school that is kn experience forthwith as the Cartesian school of thought. Descartes and his followers adopted the thinker of dualism, nitty-gritty that the soul is fragmentize from the body and that the soul does non brook a physical manifestation (Gardner 33). This idea goes along well with the previously mentioned theories of Plato. In a dedicatory garner to the Sorbonne, Descartes attempted to prompt his literary work, Mediations on starting signal Philosophy. This letter come onlined Descartes key ideas concerning knowledge and dualism. He emphasized that all that is known ab come out of the closet God is manifested in people, and to figure out those manifestations one must enforce logical thinking, which takes place in the brain. Also throughout the letter Descartes made it a point to mention how people have trusted aptitudes for antithetic vocations, such(prenominal) as metaphysical studies or geometry he wishwise explored the idea that people can be intellectually gifted, as to order they were granted their intelligence from birth. Descartes had little evidence to support this soiling beyond his heavy reliance on philosophy and his strong religious popular opinions. cargon Plato, he believed that the soul lived on after the body had expired (Descartes 3-11). As prison term go on, the nature argument started to move forward from the religious vantage point and more toward scientific research. Francis Galton would be among the first-class honours degree men who conducted such experiments.In Galtons oblige Hereditary Genius he say the argument that the high reputation of a man could be utilise as an accu roam estimate of high ability. He examine tall men such as the Judges of England from 1660 to 1868 and overly the Statesmen during the reign of George III. along with these men, Galton as well as studied men of a wide variety of professions since he believed it was important to study umpteen disparate grades of ability (Galton 2). He studied al or so 300 families and concluded that eminent men do fly the coop produce eminent sons (307). From this conclusion, Galton set out to continue his research, scarce this time he wouldnt focus his watchfulness on the biographies of supremacyful men he would continue his research with the study of twins.Through the process of sending out surveys to people who either were twins or those who were close relatives of twins, Galton found nurture support for his rationalist th eories. At first he addressed a number of twins who were very similar from birth, and then he addressed those sets of twins who were dissimilar from the very beginning, which he considered more relevant to his arrange. He presented several proveimonies from p atomic number 18nts of twins stating that steady though the twins were nurtured the exact resembling way from the moment they were born, they showed great difference. A detail representative stated that twain manlike twins acted as compliments to one an different. one boy would possess a original set of qualities and attributes where as the some other would be the polar opposite of his twin brother who had received the identical nurture. Galton states that through all of his correspondences, he could non find one showcase where the twins started out different and were assimilated through nurture (Galton 391-406).Galton continued to study the issue of hereditary intelligence in m all other books and journals, but one his most famous proposals was his ideas on eugenics. Because Galton believed that knowledge was inherited, he thought that it would benefit humanity if sole(prenominal) intelligent people were allowed to reproduce. In Eugenics Its Definition, Scope, and Aims, Galton primed(p) out his plan for how this process would go about happening. He went as distant as to call this way of living a new religion that should be fully pushed upon people so they whole heartedly claim it (Galton ). We now know that for a period in history, Galtons ideas were achievementful and m whatsoever people around the field were sterilized once against their lead as a way to attempt to breed the consummate human race (Dikotter). In Galtons later research he discovered regression to the mean, which is the idea that human beings tend to move toward the average no matter how to a higher(prenominal) place or below average their pargonnts be. This discovery disappointed his hopes of breeding the perfe ct human race (Galton Regression).Another relateing contributor to the nature argument was Ces argon Lombroso. In his book, abuse, its causes and remedies, Lombroso attempted to lie out the naturally occurring tendencies of a distressing. He studied groups of people in Europe and came to the conclusion that features such as hair color, skull size and facial structure were indicators that a somebody was innately venomous. He also determined that race was a chemical element in finding naturally born criminals as well. He utilise the Jewish people as an example for his race scheme. He express that Jews were much propagation less likely to grade offences comp bed to the gypsies, who he believed where in the alike(p)(p) socio economic class. Lombroso wrote about schooling as well. He believed that if a student in elementary school displayed the characteristics that he had categorized as criminal then the student should be taken away from the other children and be caught in a way to discourage the innate viciousness from come up (Lombroso). Much more lately, Charles Murray has addressed this debate and has strongly lobbied for inherited intelligence. In the book The Bell Curve written by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, these men aimed to certify that Americas growing in meetity was due to the particular that skilled labor was much more valuable today than unskilled labor. Because twain Herrnstein and Murray believed that IQ directly correlated with skill, they believed that the gap among people in nightclub will merely continue to grow as unskilled jobs fade away (Murray bell bender). In an article written by Murray produce in the Wall Street daybook, he claimed that a soulfulnesss IQ is directly connected to their intelligence and that that number cannot possibly change no matter what variety show of education is given over to that student. Through his investigation, he found that when someone tried to raise their IQ, it only wen t up an average of about 8 points as after time progressed, the number returned back to what it had originally been. Considering the national assessment of educational progress scores, 36% of all fourth graders were below the standards of basal achievement in reading Murray stated that this number should be considered refreshing since 36% of fourth graders, according to the normal distribution, have IQs lower than 95. He flush made the bold claim that if you argue that an IQ test doesnt determine intelligence, then G, someones natural intellectual ability, does (Murray tonics melodic stand).The other side of the nature versus nurture debate lies with those who believe nurture is the predominate cause of intelligence and personality. A a couple of(prenominal) years after Descartes died, John Locke came forward with his views on rationalism verses empiricism. He thought it was wrong to believe a nice child had any innate ideas, and he is well known for his speculation that a m ind is like a blank, white piece of paper that p atomic number 18nts and teachers can write on as they see fit to process and mold the child into adulthood. Locke believed that ideas came from two places first from sensory information and turn from reflections (115spiral). In Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding he attacked the theory of innate knowledge by assuming that if thither were innate principles in the human mind, everyone would agree on these principles. Because not all people agreed, it proved to Locke that at that place were in fact no innate principals at all. Also, in what seems like a direct attack at Descartes, Locke argued the innateness of God to be pretended because thither ar cultures all around the world that do not tell apart any god at all (Locke).Around the same time as Locke, George Berkeley achieved recognition for his theories on empiricism as well. Berkeley believed that the mind was what everything in existence revolved around and that matte r did not genuinely exist, thinking that all things in the world were composed of ideas (Flage). He thought that all things were either sensations or perceptions and one can only know what one sees. Berkeley believed that when a person looks at something, they only see the sort of the object and not the substantive qualities which arent perceivable to anyone. Human senses are the only way people can understand the things in the world (Berkeley 193-215).The terce well know empiricist of the time was David Hume. Hume believed that what was in the mind could be broken in down into basic sensations. He theorized that thinking was just a by-product of disconnected sensations and ideas were like vague copies of distinct perceptions or impressions and everything past those ideas and perceptions were needless to explore (D. Murray 11-12). Years later in the late 1800s, John Watson published a book called Behaviorism. He presented a thesis about human instincts and discussed what huma n beings are born being able to do. He claims that those functions are in fact not instincts as instincts were defined at the time. He claimed that everything that people had initially thought were instincts were actually learned behaviors that came about as a subject of training. On this evidence, he stated that in that location is no such thing as an inheritance of capacity, talent, temperament, mental constitution and characteristics (Watson 75). He believed that if a child has a stimulate that is a good swordsman, the child will only become a good swordsman if the father nurtures him to be so, not just because he has his fathers genes. He supported this idea by referencing all the different customs and tendencies of people all across the world and how they all differ due to their culture and environment (74-75). whizz relevantly recent phenomenon is the Flynn Effect, which is describes as square increases in IQ over time. This effect has been attributed to a variety of d oers such as improved eatable increased environmental involvedity and family, parental, school and methodological federal agents (Daley 215). All of these components of the Flynn affect were at first criticized for focusing on only industrialized and urban areas, but a group of people from the University of California went to Kenya to help confirm the Flynn Effects environmental explanations (215). The study took place in the Embu District of Kenya. The first research was done in 1984 and then again in 1998 with two different groups of children. The researches administered three tests to the group of children they were studying. The tests were the Ravens Progressive Matrices, the verbal meaning test, and the bod span test. It was determined that the second group of children in 1998 scored higher than those in 1984, proving that the Flynn Effect was definitely present. To explain these increases the researchers looked to see if the environmental factors had changed during the 1 4 years. maintenance became better, which is represented by the increase in kilocalories and protein from 1984 to 1998 as well as a decrease in children who had an insufficient caloric intake. The environment also became more thickening, with the addition of a few televisions as well as a volume of parents reportage to have read a paper or magazines at least once a week. Both of these factors had not existed in the community during the 1984 study. In addition, family size decreased in Kenya, which allowed the households to expire more on the individual children and the family structure shifted from nuclear families to single parent households run by the mother. Parental education and literacy also increased during the 14 years, going from 26% of mothers reporting no schooling in 1984 to only 8.7% in 1998. Schooling didnt change much during the time period, but there was an increase in the number of children who give eared Sunday school, so this could be seen as an extra day of schooling. The health of the children didnt improve and the hemoglobin counts actually worsened over the time period, but the most severe causes of anaemia decreased from 1984 to 1989 (217-219). The main impacts on the children according to this study were parental literacy, family superlative and health. All of the children in the study belonged to the same tribe so the researchers believed this to be proof that the environment a child is raised in has much affect on his or her intelligence (219). One of the most recent empiricists is Geoffrey Canada. Canada grew up in inner city New York but moved to Long Island with his grandparents in his early teens. He graduated from high school and went to college and then attended graduate school at Harvard University. Canada in timetually became the chief operating officer and president of Harlem Childrens Zone. Currently, the program spans 97 blocks in New York metropolis and caters to nearly 8000 students. He whole heartedly believes that with the right amount of guidance and direction, the struggling students in inner cities can learn to appreciate learning and to increase their intelligence through their environment in the classroom (Moore). In Paul Toughs book whatsoever it takes Geoffrey Canadas quest to change Harlem and America the program is described in great detail and it shows how the lives of the children have been adjusted to foster learning (Tough). The programs success became evident in 2009 when its charter school, the Promise Academy, eliminated the achievement gap for math between average black students and white students in New York City (Moore). The debate over nature versus nurture spans back to when philosophy was predominantly the way of explaining the acquisition of knowledge and continues in more recent times with scientific evidence consisting of facts and numbers giving support to one side or the other. Both the recent and historical back and forth between great scholars helps each i ndividual, be they parent or educator, come to their own personal conclusions of whether nature or nurture is the more dominant factor contributing to a persons knowledge and IQ. Works CitedAllen, R.E.. 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Print.Theories of Crime and informality look for StudyTheories of Crime and sexual urge Research StudyCrime Gender__________________________________Contents (Jump to)Introduction Why Gender? Why Crime?Ground Rules Laying the earthing for a Thorough Discussion womens lib Sociological MotivationOffenders Women who Violate the NormVictims In their natural placeIn the System The Influence of Dominant Social Structures ParadigmsField Perspective A Short Experimental Inquiry into Current Perceptions about Women baseless CrimeThe finding of fact Moving Forward with Facts and assumptionsReferences__________________________________Appendix A Research SurveysAppendix B Annotated SPPS OutputAppendix C Raw dataIntroductionWhy Gender? Why Crime?The answer to the oral sex posed above could be any one of the followingIn the tradition of Sir Edmund Hillary in referring to wherefore he climbed Mt. Evers t, simply, Because it is there.In the ultramodern tradition of rhetoric, Why not?In typical answer one powerfulness expect, because both are compelling, engaging topics in which some everyone has a vested interest in and both are issues fundamental to the social and governmental fabric of modern life.The truth is simply all of the above with a heavy emphasis on 3. These topics have the fortune of being both broad and loaded. It is broad in the sense that both subjects, in and of themselves, is the subject of the lifes work of numerous notable academians as well as that of many law en pushment, social service and effectual maestros. Without question, the subjects, especially gender, is loaded with emotion. While many might believe that womens liberation movement is a wasted effort to redirect attention and funds, others pursue the topic with all the righteous vigor of that associated with the abolition of slavery. The topics of gender and law- gaolbreak would be much easier to cover if, like a traditional Venn diagram, there were but a polished area of overlap. In contrast, the two subjects seem to only grow when combined.With this in mind, a logical treatise on the subject is yet possible by presentation with a logical stepwise progression through fundamental theoretical positions followed by the governanceatic treatment of each key stakeholder. Following this, original research will be reviewed and discussed in light of the foundations laid. Based on these findings, additional lines of inquiry to tease out further salient differences and issues will be proposed.Ground RulesLaying the Foundation for a Thorough Discussion feminism Sociological MotivationFeminismIt becomes quite apparent with on a cursory review of literature that curse is a mans arena. Unanimously, researchers agree that the whelm majority of crime is committed by men and that gender is the strongest predictor of criminality (Messerschmidt 1997, p. 1 Belknap 2001, pp. xii, 5-6 He idensohn 1997, p. 491). In itself, this begs the question of why this is the case. though any answer to this question falls in brief of the answer to the whole question, it is enough to appal interest and to begin a line of inquiry into the simple matter, given the roughly 50/50 gender distribution, why must is be the case that men commit more than ten times the crimes that women do (or are they just not caught?).The simple fact that most crimes are committed by men and not by women creates questions as to the reasoning behind this. though seemingly far from what might be considered a typical libber agenda, the issue of crime and gender is indeed a fundamental issue of gender and, therefore central to the thoughts of feminism.In assigning a feminism interest to the issue of gender and crime, additional complications overdress due to the four-fold horizons of feminism within its own ranks. While the uninitiate might label all feminists alike, this is not the case as there ar e five major division within the overall military position of a woman- sum totaled description and explanation of human experience and the social world (Belknap 2001, p. 16). Below is a table listing each major combination and the outlook regarding key issuesLabelPerspectiveLiberal feminism swear that womens access to equality in education, role and public things in general are blocked by generally accepted (but wrong) principles, policies and laws. redness feminismDisciples of this division are most concerned with class and economic inequalities.Socialist feministsTake issue with Marxists in that they take a firm stand that it is not class alone but also instilled systems and that perpetuate inequalities. foundation feministsAnother reaction against Marxist feminism that again goes beyond it in that they emphasize patriarchal systems as sources of inequality and, of all the factions, this one is the most likely to hold individual men, rather than society, responsible.Post-mode rn feministsAdvocates of a multiple perspective view in that the issues that any woman faces are different based upon class, race, age, etc.(Belknap 2001, pp. 16-17)though feminism is a diverse and sometimes, yet divisive, arena, each faction has a belief that men and women should receive equal treatment under the law and in society in general. Criminology, with its overcome use of masculine models, theories and subjects has largely attempted to impose these models upon effeminate crime, crime victims and system-issues in an effort to explain how and why fe potent crime occurs. though these models are insightful and useful, they do not fully explain male or female criminology. Consequently, the utilization of the feminist perspective may be quite useful in not only generating models for female offenders but able to shed light on what went wrong with male criminals. This feminist viewpoint is different from other perspectives in the following waysGender is not a natural fact but a complex social, historical and cultural product related to but limited to any biological basis for sex.Gender and gender relation create and suffer fundamental order in social life and insertions.Gender dealing are based upon masculine and feminine constructs in which men are viewed are socially, politically, and economically dominant over women.The production of knowledge is gendered in that men produce it from their point of view.Women and womens issues should be at the center of attention and inquiry.(Belknap 2001, p. 13)With the realization that half of the planets people is female, the season of the authority typical perspectives becomes even off more curious. Thus, in consideration of crime and gender, the feminist perspective can be enlightening both for the perspective on the majority as well as to provide overbold insight into female-committed crime as well as how it is possible that approximately 93% of the female populate are crime-free. Were we able to find thi s mystery female ingredient (is it butterflies?) and, were it able to be instilled, socialized, taught, administered or cultivated in any way in the other half of the population, the world would be virtually crime-free.An example of how the feminist perspective has already fundamentally changed the view of society at large is in regards to rape. Clearly a violent crime, male researchers had, prior(prenominal) to the emergence of the feminist perspective, simply gathered data on this crime in the same way that did not fully capture the human beings of slur. Specifically, the number of rapes committed each year was reported based upon statistics gathered from police records, a source that is contingent upon a crime being reported and how a crime is defined. As it would turn out, many rapes are not reported and further, the legal definition of rape may not exactly fit the reality of a victim who may have been forced to have sex (Belknap 2001, p. 20).Sociological Motication Why Peopl e shoot down CrimeThere are a number theories as to why crimes are committed. Clearly, there are crimes of passion and as many other reasons as there are unfulfilled desires of the heart. disdain the overwhelming possibilities, there emerge a few predictable bases as well as other systematic rationale for deviant behavior. Without engaging in the broadest of philosophic arguments as to what constitutes right and what sepa arrays this from wrong, a key tenet to lawbreaking that we should accepts is that of mens rea or, abominable mind. This Latin phrase is central in that we excerpt from our handling those who commit a crime by mistake, under duress or while insane (Hampton 1990, pp.1). Consequently, of the millions of crimes committed, it becomes imperative to study the matter to determine to cause and ultimately to prevent their commission in the first place as those who commit such acts do so willfully, with at least some idea of the potential penalties and with the knowledge that harm is likely or, depending on the crime, is certain to occur to persons or property though this will be presented not from a individual psychological perspective but rather that of a large scale sociological perspective.Early criminologists believed primarily believed that crime was a class problem, an issue that was confined for the most part to lower socio-economic strata (Lynch 1996, pp. 4, 8-9). This view point is still widely held and, as regression goes, still has significant explanatory power though there are other inconsistents in the equation. As criminologist evolved in their thinking, questions of gender and race began to be considered. Messerschmidt, in Crimes as Structured Action (1997), indicates that each of these variables is more than a simple binary-type factor that someone either has or does not. In the same way that feminists recognize different feminist experiences, Messerschmidt puts for a theory of incorporated action. Similarly, in this model, each factor is contextual and has a relational aspect with regards to the other factors. For example, in some circumstances, one may be a male, in others, and African-American while yet in others working class. These identities are constructed through social interaction and existing social structures such as church, home, work, etc. Defined in broader terms, social structures are those regular and pattern forms of interaction over time that constrain and channel behavior in specific ways (Messerschmidt 1997, p. 5). These social structures are created by culpable people and perpetuated by the same. In essence the perspectives that one accepts and endorses, even if implicitly, one also perpetuates, even in cases in which one just goes along with it as ultimately, there is an broadsheetability that people take on themselves when they choose to escort themselves as a certain way in a specific situation (Messerschmidt 1997, pp. 4-6).Though it is something of the American way and reminiscen t of some versions of Arthurian legend that a person who is good or works hard enough is not limited in their ability to achieve success as the world sees its, there seems to be a great correlativity between ones race, class, neighborhood, gender and other key factors as to how ones life choices play out. This view is specifically termed the structured life run away and indicates that ones choices about any given matter are often not so much a function of a true individual choice but are frequently line up of a function of nearly inevitable consequences caused by political, social or economic forces that serve to either increase of decrease the likelihood of any particular act (Lynch 1996, pp. 6-7,15 Messerschmidt 1997, p. 7). In support of this, consider the following facts34% of all families living under the poverty line are headed by single female workers.65% of all females in the work force are either single, widowed, divorced, separated or married to men earning less that $1 5,000/year.African Americans earn, on average, 64% of what whites earn. Of African American children grow up in poverty.The wealthiest 1% possess 42% of the wealth in America. intimately millionaires are born, not made.Class affects where you grow up, how you grow up, the quality of schools you attend (from elementary through college), occupational choices, career path, whom you marry and the cycle begins again with your children.(Lynch 1997, p.11, 12, 16)An additional explanation for the problem of crime that has the potentiality to build upon the rationale of the structured action theory is the theory proposed by Hirschi and Gottfredson in A General Theory of Crime (1990) in which they posit that the critical variable in an individual choosing to commit a crime is that of self project. With the exception of a very few acts, the overwhelming majority of crimes are trivial and mundane affairs that result in little passing game and less gain (Brannigan 1997, p. 405). Further, the a uthors suggest that crimes, though usually unplanned, are the result of deliberate (though poor) choices and incur a degree of recklessness or unsavoriness that is variable to the extent of the underlying criminality of the individual.The degree of criminality is virtually related to this extent to which they are voluntary and, according, have low self-control. In terms of their character or behavior, this has a number of outcomes which contribute to the downwardly spirala need for immediate gratification,the utilization of simple message, i.e., pay without performance, sex without wedlock or commitment, justice or visit without court costs or delays, etc.,biases towards risky and exciting activities,little interest in skilful or sophisticated criminal planning and, insensitiveness to the pain of others (Brannigan 1997, p. 406).From these behaviors, additional consequences follow such as tendencies tosmoke, drink, use drugs,gamble,have children out of marriage and engage in r isky, illicit sex,be impulsive and insensitive, physical (i.e., not intellectual), short-sighted, and nonverbal (Brannigan 1997, p. 406 Storvall, E., L. Wichstrom, H. Pape Nova. 2003, p. 194)The character trait that produces this wander of products is produced (or not) in the first six to eight years of childhood (Brannigan 1997, p. 410). During this period, the institution of the family is particularly important as a person is socialized and receives the psychological grounding that produces good impulse- and self-control.Without discounting either the structured action theory, life course theory or the general theory of crime (low self-control), a news of criminal behavior would not be complete without a banter of life cycle theory of Sampson Laub. In the life cycle theory, the idea of national and external factors in the commission of crime is viewed within the perspective that criminality is a function of age. In this theory, it is noted that, the patterns of offending ov er an individuals life cycle commonly follow an age curve a peak which rises throughout the late adolescence and which declines into early adulthood. Interestingly, the take aim of the crest of criminality varies with the race and gender of the offender as well as, accordingly, with those that can be labeled high- or low-frequency offenders (Brannigan 1997, p. 409). With this in mind, Brannigan points out, many programs that are aimed at curbing crime or rehabilitating offenders will commit big(a) errors if the assumption is made that a certain regimen is effective that fails to account for this invariant feature (Brannigan 1997, p. 410).Another model, social capital or social bond theory, names the additional external factor of autocratic or negative social pressures in the form of relationships and so-called social capital that exists in the form of a steady job, a good marriage and other stabilizing (or not) relational bonds that influence criminality (Brannigan 1997, p. 411 Belknap 2001, p. 47, Batton 2004, p. 430 Giordano, Cernkovich Rudolph 2002, p. 990). The fundamental rise of this theory is on what induces most people and nearly all females to attend the law. Because of this, it is a distinctly feminist approach in light of the overwhelming data indicating that crime is, in nearly all cases a male issue.In all, there are a number of approaches that one can justifiably take to explain why people commit crimes. Though each one can be viewed as a separate suggestion, it does not seem to be a crime to simply use each for what it is, that is, a partial representation of a broad and complex topic. In light of this, it seems to be a commonsense approach to posit a de facto theory by which race, class and gender, in combination with internal self-control and external relational factors work together to create real and virtually real structures and courses that interact over the course of a persons life span to create a seemingly complete, reasonable and accurate explanation for most criminal acts. Viewed contextually, combinations of such risk factors as being male, having a corrupted network of friends could be overcome by being raised in a caring family environment with other insulating factors. Similarly, a moment of poor impulse control could begin a process that quickly spirals out of control.OffendersWomen who Violate the NormIn compact of women as principal agents in the commission of a crime, a few general trends become obviouswomen commit a very undersize parcel of all crimes, about 4-7% in the US and UK,the crimes they do commit are, on average, fewer, less severe and less likely to be professional or repeat offenders,women form a very small portion of prison populations.(Heidensohn 1997, pp. 491-492)Further, in all crimes except rape, the factor of gender becomes even more disparate as men are not only far more likely to commit a crime, they are even more likely to be a victim (Batton 2004, p. 423). According to 2 000 statistics, men accounted for 89.6% of murder snatchs and commit suicide at approximately 4x the rate of females (Batton 2004, p. 425).Though women commit far fewer crimes, some authors note that the rate of offshoot of female offenders is growing at a faster rate than that of males (Heidensohn 1997, pp. 494-496). Despite this, it is important to keep in perspective comparatively diminutive population of female offenders and that a large increase in the relative rate may yet still be quite a small number in absolute value.In regards to our wholly unified theory as a composite of all with predictive power, a review of homicide data from 1960 2000 indicates that as female work for participation increased, the rate of murders committed by females has decreased. This suggests that as women gain greater power through increased penetration of established social structures, this has reduced the stress and defeat and subsequent out-of-control feeling that can lead to lethal conseque nces. This finding is in contrast to male homicide rates that, during the same period, either stayed the same or increased, while workforce participation also remained constant (Batton 2004, p. 452).One theme that seems to emerge across studies of deviant behavior in females and males is the tendency of females to reports higher internal sources of problems than males (Storvall, E., L. Wichstrom, H. Pape Nova. 2003, p. 200 Batton 2004, pp. 428-429). Examples of this would be depression, stress from success in breaking through social structures or stress in being forestall by them. This suggests the possibility that the specific motivations behind the commission behind criminal acts may be more internally driven for females and more external for males.In support of social bond theory are findings from research on female juveniles who socialize in three predominantly different setting with regards to support structures in the form of relationships and friendship networks. In this re search, the greater the extent of the female-dominated friendship bonds, the less the extent of property crimes. This effect was superlative in school females and progressively weaker with school males and street females and virtually absent for homeless males (McCarthy, Felmlee, Hagan 2004, p. 805).In regards to women who do commit crimes, particularly violent crimes such as domestic abuse or murder, they do so very much as men seem to do. For example in the case of domestic frenzy, both women and men were equally likely to have used severe violence and inflicted severe injuries, to have previously committed violence against nonintimates, and to have been using drugs or alcohol at the time of their arrest (Busch Rosenberg 2004, p. 49).VictimsIn their natural placeDespite males being victims of crimes more than females, no discussion of gender and crime would be complete with out a discussion of women as victims of crimes. Indeed, this fact may even be move to many that would think that female is synonymous with being weaker and more vulnerable. Though women may not be, on average, physically as strong as men, the image is intelligibly more powerful than reality and this may propogate the well-documented fact that women, despite being a victim less, fear being a victim more (Belknap 2001, p. 206). There are however, certain crimes that are notably perpetrated almost exclusively against women. The most heinous of these is rape and no legitimate discussion of gender and crime would be complete with its omission.Rape is a crime typically committed against women and, in all likelihood, is committed far more than it is reported. While it is the case that it does disproportionately affect women with figures of 34% of primeval American women, 18 % of white women, and 19% for African American indicating that they have been victimized (Belknap 2001, p. 218). An additional study surveyed 930 women randomly who gave responses indicating that 44% had been victims of a holy or attempted rape with 24% indicating a rape did definitively occur. unless another study indicates that up to 53% of women experiencing some form of sexual assault (Belknap 2001, p. 231). TO put this into perspective, if you are a man, chances are 50/50 that your mother, your wife and your daughter has or will be sexually assaulted. If this was a female issue, it seems that the widespread dissemination of information such as this might affect matters.Though the incidence of any rape is too high, reporting and data gathering on this is itself a confounding issue, due in largely to the twin factors of social pressures to not report a dishonorable experience and the often uncertain definition of what actually constitutes rape or sexual assault. Also, there is likely the disproportionate reporting of certain types of rape such as the stereotypical stranger assault in which it is more socially acceptable to be a victim (Belknap 2001, p. 233).The experience of being violated in the way of a rape is often difficult for women to admit, knowing that they may likely bring negative attention to themselves in the form of victim blame or potentially even with the threat of additional violence. Until comparatively recent times and not until the sexual climax of the feminist influence was there much sympathy in the system for rape victims (Belknap 2001, p. 215).Additionally, many of rapes are not the stereotypical man in the bushes crime but are committed in situations that are logy. Circumstances involving former consensual partners such as ex-boyfriends or ex-husbands or in scenarios where consent might have been given to point or scenarios that escalate out-of-hand but involved consent for some degree of sexual activity cloud the judgment not only police, prosecutors, and juries but the minds of victims as well.Regardless of the relationships of the victim to the offender who is convicted, Scully, indicates that none of them felt guilt regarding their prov en actions. This finding corroborates the findings and predictions of the self-control theory as postulated by Hirschi and Gottfredson in which perpetrators are insensitive to others (Belknap 2001, p. 234).An additional crime that is typically thought of as one in which females are victims is that of domestic violence in which up to 23% of women reporting an incident with this over their lifetimes (Heidensohn 1997, p. 495). This is yet another situation in which there are social structure pressure as well as the familiar problem of definition. In regards to the degree of activity needed to constitute a crime, one study indicates that none of the men that completed a survey on the matter defined a number of listed incidents as a crime while 39% of the surveyed women determine them as such (Heidensohn 1997, p. 495). Clearly, a difference of opinion exists.This difference of opinion, though not justified, is nicely illustrated by research that indicated victims of domestic violence liberate it and that the perpetrators excuse it. Specifically, regardless of the degree, women, who comprise 95% of the victims of this crime, either underreport the incidents or the clumsiness of the incidents and men use excuses such as frustration, anger or drinking to avoid or deny responsibility and justifications to deny wrongness (Belknap 2001, p. 268).In the SystemThe Influence of Dominant Social Structures ParadigmsThe criminal justice system can be seen as part of the contextual framework that provides for the prolongation of existing social structures. It can also and has been the cause of much positive change. In this irony of a duality of roles lie specific examples of how these can occur.An example of this occurs in the recently discussed situation of domestic violence. Following an incident, any incident, the police are typically the ones called to address the situation which, according to some view domestic disturbance calls frustrating because they feel they are bit crime. Additionally, these types of calls can be among the most dangerous due to the unnamed risks and the possibility to the police becoming involved with a very ruttish perpetrator who may have the perspective that the police are invasive the sanctity of his home (Belknap 2001, p. 292). On arrival, police may find a situation for which they are untrained to deal in the case that skills such as mediation may be required. Additionally, many calls for assistance are made to prevent or in anticipation of a situation. If the police defuse the situation by their presence, the situation still exists when they relinquish it has only been deferred (Belknap 2001, p. 293).If the police are potentially unprepared to deal with a situation, the courts represent an additional layer of structure that imposes constraints on behaviors. For example, there is a good chance that a matter may not even go to judgment due to either plea bargaining or the defendants refusal to prosecute, sometimes to fear of retribution, sometime with false hopes but always in denial of the sequence of events that has begun (Belknap 2001, p. 294).Another component is the system of the courts that merits identification is that of sentencing in cases in which women are offenders rather than being the victims. Though part of the reason the womens prison population is far smaller than that of men is that far fewer women commit crimes. Despite this, with regards to sentencing for similar crimes, 20% of men convicted go to prison whereas only 5% of women do (Heidensohn 1997, p. 503). One reason for this is postulated to be that of chivalry. This phenomena is marked by the application of stereotypical, broadly-held and socially reinforced belief that one should be nice to women (Heidensohn 1997, pp. 503-504).Of final note with regards to the idea of factors within the system that affect the issue of crime and gender are the patterns of employment of women within the system. In terms of women who ar e employed either in law enforcement or in the prison system, there are firstly comparatively few with women occupying 9% of police positions, 11.5% of corrections facilities and 20% of attorneys (Belknap 2001, pp. 357-358). This is again reflective a social system that reflects male dominance and a continuing male perspective that is, slowly, adapting to the influence of feminism.Field PerspectiveA Short Experimental Inquiry into Current Perceptions about Women hostile CrimeTo test for statistically significant variances with regards to perception of crime, a short survey (Appendix A) was administered to a group of 44 students comprised on 22 males and 22 females. Respondents were asked to read two brief crime scenarios and then recommend a sentence for the perpetrator. The two scenarios were identical with the exception that one involved somatic harm.The results of this survey indicated virtually indistinguishable responses with regards to gender with either case. Despite this, both male and female responders were significantly more likely to sentence more harshly the perpetrator who involved the use of bodily harm by an average of approximately 4.5 months. Utilizing a 2-tailed test, this was significant at the plonger sentence (H0 = sentenceA B) and not just simply a different sentence. With this in mind, the results were significant at the weaker p,0.10 level, a result that would likely change were the sample size larger.The VerdictMoving Forward with Facts and assumptionsWhile the above experiment did not clearly showing gender differences that might have been expected, it is important to keep in mind that the crime involved property, a likely neutral proposition for which shared social