Memory, Imagination, and Consciousness in Funes the Memorious and Meurs

Memory, Imagination, and Consciousness in Funes the Memorious and Meursault Consciousness separates humans from moxie perceiving garbage heaps. Jorge Luis Borges, in Funes the Memorious, and Albert Camus, in The Stranger, explore the causes of consciousness. They ar philosophers who write assembly to answer the question, What makes us aware? An debile memory and imagination set our reality. Funes can be aware of new(prenominal) realities because has a perfect memory. Meursault reveals that the miss element for Funes to possess consciousness is imagination. I will define consciousness, appraise memory and imagination as essential, discuss metaphor as a manifestation of consciousness, and isolate the affect of the awareness of other consciousness.Without memory, we could non compare a past object or idea with a bear one. Memory allows us to enhance past objective observations with present sensory perceptions. Because we have an imperfect memory, that is, we cannot remember every detail, we embellish. We give a past idea or object an identity independent from the impertinent world because we perceive and imagine it differently than our initial sensory reaction. We vary our original reaction with our imagination. Thus, creative people experience life more vividly. In the process of consciousness, we first remember something imperfectly, and then qualify it with other embellished thoughts. The act of thought, then, is not consciousness. Thought is the comparison of one object to another. We are not conscious because we notice a difference between dickens things. Once, we embellish the relationship however, we create an internal reality that is an imperfect transcript of our true sensory reaction. We possess consciousness... .... Together, Camus and Borges show us that through our imperfect memories and our distorting, lying imaginations, we obtain an individual identity. Works Cited Borges, Jorge Luis. Labyrinths Funes the Memorious. New York New Directions print Co., 1964.Camus, Albert. The Stranger. New York Random contribute, 1988. Christ, Ronald. The Narrow Act Borges Art of Fiction. New York lumen Books, 1995.Hart, Thomas R. Jr. Borges Literary Criticism. Modern Critical Views Jorge Luis Borges. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 5-20.Jaynes, Julian. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Boston Houghton, 1976.Mller, Max. The Science of Thought. London Longmans Green, 1887. 78-9. Sarte, Jean-Paul. An Explication of The Stranger. Camus. Ed. Germaine Bre. Englewood Cliffs Prentice, 1962.

The Avocado Essay -- Botany

The tout ensembleigator pearThe avocado pear is a member of the Laurel family, Lauraceae. Other members of this family include sugariness bay, cinnamon, camphor and sassafras. In telephone exchange the States several wild species of Persea grow. It has been think that cultivated forms must have been developed in Mexico and Guatemala at a very early stage of mans memorial. Two native names for the avocado are still used in America. The nahuatel term was ahua-cacua-huitle from which other Central American names like ahuacatl (which is the common Aztec idiom) alcuahte and aquacate have been either derived or shortened. Corruptions of the original name include abacata (Portugese) and alligator (English) pear. In South America the fruit is called Palta derived from the Indian tribe of Ecuador inhabiting the province Palta. Archeological diggings quiz it to have been introduced into the Tehuacan area of S. Central Mexico before 7000 possibly as foresightful as 10,000 BC from a more humid habitat. Remains of avocados came from around all levels of the Coxatlan cave, beginning with the phase labeled Ajverado (before ?000 BC). The influence of picking on fruit size is not evident until the Santa Maria phase, represented by artifacts from between 900-200 BC. There was evidence that the tree was not only in cultivation, but that it had been actively selected for increase in the fruits size sufficiently retentive to prevent the large fruited forms from being completely swamped by the wild, small fruited forms since a System of open pollination must have prevailed at the time. Since it takes slightly seven years for a seedling avocado to bear fruit and the trees prevent to bear for about 70 years or longer, the period of selection prior to the demonstration of larger cotyle... ...estroys small roots and can exhaust a plant. Avocados have had an important role to play in the history of man since men started leaving some sort of foraging trail. In the last 100 y ears the evolution of the tree as a crop plant has proven to reward us with a divers(prenominal) selection of potential traits which will be exploited to their fullest potential, if we are all lucky. References The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley Vol. I, Douglas S. Byers, 1967. pg 230-240. Tropical Crops, Purseglove, 1974. pg 193-198. Handbook of Tropical Food Crops, Franklin W. Martin, 1984. pg 247-249. digestible Plants of the World, E. Lewis Sturtevant, 1972. pg 414. Useful Plants of Neotropical Origin and Their Wild Relatives, Heinz Brucher, 1985. pg 229-231. Useful Plants of Brazil, Mors and Rizzini, 1966. pg 25. Origin of Cultivated Plants, DeCandolle, 1959. pg 292.

Create an Innovation

Innovation Is the bear on of translating an Idea or founding Into a good or service that creates value or for which customers leave pay (www. Observationally. Com, 2014). In this paper, the identification of an innovation, and plan for implementing the innovation, in the current workplace that I am working for, entrust be described in full detail. The innovative product that go away be Introduced to the workplace Is called the license walker. How m each Individuals get tired of slating down all daylight at a desk?A nonher complaint that is heard, quite often in spite of appearance the organizations is, l am over tip and I do not involve the time to make it to the gym. Well, now here is the perfect solution. liberty pedestrian ordain give Individuals the opportunity to either, remain seated at the desk term working or they can chose to get up and induce to dress at the pace they feel most comfort scoreted. The high-quality product will be made to last and it will g ive employees the immunity of exercising charm working (Treadles, 2014). independence pushcart Is going to solely be exquisitek to run in slow gos.One of the great things slightly this product is that conflicting regular tread-wheels. He Freedom Walker will not overheat (Treadles. 2014). For which, giving individuals an unlimited amount of time to be on the treadmill speckle working. The conquer panel can be displace on top of each employees desk. And will take in a 10-inch cord committed to the panel and the Freedom Walker. On the control panel, employees will be adequate to(p) to see how long they fix been walking. The employee will also be able to keep track of the amount of calories that are creation loss with the freedom walker.The Freedom Walker will also consecrate an attached extremity cord that all individuals who use this product must wear while in action. The Emergency cord Is In case of any emergency, the employee will be able to shut the machine off Th e Freedom Walker also comes with a strong rubber mat that should be placed on top of the tread, to reduce the sound and avoid distraction (Treadles, 2014). The urge of this product will not go above 4. 0 miles per hour (Treadles, 2014). The reason that the machine will not go above the speed of 4. Is to avoid distractions on the phone with customers, such as loss of breathing spell or Incorrect grammar spelling on the computer because of not being able to c at a timentrate. For safety of each employee, the aching is limited to 4. 0 MPH. The Freedom Walker will not have much assembly required. The control panel is connected to the treadmill, Just simply connect the OFF The innovation will begin with the CEO and upper management, and and then will of grade go down the list for each individual within the organization.It is a proven fact that the obesity rate within the United States has more than doubled in adults and children since sasss (Food Research and treat Center, 2014). The leading public wellness problem within the United States is obesity (Food Research and Action Center, 2014). Without any discrimination, the majority of the employees within the organization that this innovative radical will be implemented in, are overweight. Below is the chart from the Food Research and Action Report that shows the percentages of each ethnicity and at what percentage they are overweight.How can it be possible that a Health insurance company is selling insurance, moreover have the employees unwellnessy and overweight? There is going to be a weekly goal that each individual will write-out for himself or herself when using the Freedom Walker. The organization will have to see some font of improvement in all employees. If, there is no improvement seen thin several weeks, then disciplinary action will be enforced. erst there is improvement noticed, that is when the organization will begin to offer incentives. The incentive that will be granted is that the com pany will pay for half, of each individuals health insurance premium.This could definitely guarantee success, especially now and years that health insurance premiums are so expensive. The disturb that this innovative growth will have within the organization is going to be drastic. This will not only attend the employees but will also help the customers as well. The innovation process, will allow employees to take stand about prolonged sitting. Researcher suggest that prolonged sitting is bad for ones health (Neoprene, 2013). There have been scientists that compare prolonged sitting to smoking (Neoprene, 2013).The Freedom Walker should help every individual begin to feel fit and begin to have a more positive attitude (Neoprene, 2013). This modification in attitude and in oneself, innovation process is going to be an incremental innovation. As stated above the process will begin with the CEO and upper management. Once the change is seen in hose areas, then the process will begin to trickle down the totem pole as it has been heard. So, as the article states by the incremental innovation web page, lento and Steady Wins the Race (Innovation anxiety Community for Practitioners, 2014). Incremental change is not about making a change happen instantly (Innovation Management Community for Practitioners, 2014). The reason incremental innovation is so popular, is because it has reduced take a chance in comparison to radical innovation (Innovation Management Community for Practitioners, 2014). Furthermore, once a equines has a manufactured good up and running it tends to have built up substantial amount of human capital and competencies so the business may as well dedicate time to creating it break or reducing costs (Innovation Management Community for Practitioners, 2014).Four Stages of the Research round of golf There will be seven steps to the innovation process and they are 1 . Thinking, 2. Portfolio Management and Metrics, 3. Research 4. Insight, 5. Innovat ion Development, 6. Marketing Development, 7. marketing (Morris, 2013). The way that the innovation will be measured will be R&038D Impact = Gross Margin / R&038D Spend This is an old Bill Hewlett and David Packard metric they used to guarantee worthy return for the R&038D effort being invested (McKinney, 2010). Why pull in margin, one would ask? McKinney, 2010) The assumption is that if you assemble a better cower trap, the customer will reward you with a margin premium which will show up in gross margin (McKinney, 2010). Target prize your competitors and you want to be in top quartile (McKinney, 2010). Innovation takes time and dedication. In order for a company to be successful in the performance of an innovation there needs to be, a lot of research and booking corded. An innovative idea cannot Just be something that someone brings up and it happens.There has to be comparisons to other products and reports showing the business/organization why that innovative idea woul d be better than any other idea. The Freedom Walker would be a great innovative idea because it would help save the lives of galore(postnominal) people who may be struggle with health issues due to weight problems. I believe that not only should the company that I am currently working for, use the innovative idea, but that all companies that have customer service representatives. Customer Services Representatives are mandated to sit at their desk for 8-10 hours a day without being allowed to propel from the chair.Production and quality is something that is counted against the individuals who do move from his/ her chair, which then causes disciplinary action. This is an act that is inhumane and I believe that something should be done about it. So, everyone that has a business with CARS and Data Reps. Let label Freedom Walker and lets see how great of an impact it will have on not only the company but on the employees as well. References childhood and adult obesity in the United St ates. Journal of the American Medical Association, 8(31 1), 806-814. Food Research and Action Center. 2014). Overweight and Obesity in the U. S.. Retrieved from afar. Org/initiatives/hunger-and-obesity/ obesity-in-the-us/ Innovation Management Community for Practitioners. (2014). Incremental Innovation. Retrieved from http//www. Unconventionalitys. Com/ incremental-innovation/incremental-innovation-vs.-radical-innovation McKinney, P. (2010). Can you measure the impact for innovation. Retrieved from philharmonic. Com. Archives/2010/02/can-you-measure-the-impact-from- innovation. HTML Morris, L. (2013). How to Innovate The Innovation Process.Retrieved from http//www. Environmentalists. SE. /2013/08/08/how-t()-innovate-the- innovation-process Neoprene, L. (2013). Stand Up for reveal Health? Maybe Not. Better-health-maybe-not/ Reynolds, G. (2011). Rethinking the Exercise Talk Test. Retrieved from well. Blobs. Anytime. Com/2011109/21 rethinking-the-exercise-talk-test/? _pH= align=blogs= o Treadles. (2014). Retrieved from http// www. Treadles. Com/products/ www. Objectifications. Com. (2014). Innovation. Retrieved from http//www. Objectifications. Com/definition/innovation. HTML

Othello Critical

Travis Gordon ELA 30-1 October 3rd, 2012 Jealousy, the universal feeling weve all experienced at one time or another. Whether it be the newest piece of technology that individual has that you dont and wish you did, or that kid on the vacation spot that had those new light up shoes that were all the rage. Jealousy is not something that can be avoided, only controlled. It sneaks up on you, like a tree root sneaks up on concrete before it breaks to the surface.In William Shakespeares tragedy Othello, jealousy is a key component used by many sheaths as a weapon that is twisted and manipulated to serve their protest ends. Iago, a deceitful and manipulative snake or the ironic nom de guerre Honest Iago uses jealousy as a way of getting what he wants with let out realizing nor caring about the backlash of repercussions his actions have on the people somewhat him. O, beware, my lord, of jealousy It is the green-eyed monster, which doth mock The meat it feeds on.That cuckold lives in ch eer Who, certain of his fate, loves not his wronger But O, what damned minutes tells he all over Who dotes, yet doubtssuspects, yet strongly loves (III,iii,) He refers to jealousy as a green-eyed monster, because it is a scary thing to behold when it gets out of hand. formerly it is unleashed, it is not easily contained. Once he contaminates Othellos approximation with the thoughts of Desdemona being unfaithful to him, and sneaking around behind his back with his police lieutenant Cassio, it spreads like a wildfire inner(a) Othellos head.He begins to doubt himself. Although he knows in his heart Desdemona to be true to him, he cant jock but think about the false accusations Iago has impregnated his mind with. Another character Iago manages to control with the raw power of jealousy is Roderigo. Iago manages to convince Roderigo that if he puts coin in thy purse, Iago will make it so Roderigo can be together with Desdemona. This is a clear example of how easy it is to control a person once you give them a false hope of something that could neer be. What should I do? I confess it is my shame to be so fond but it is not in my virtue to amend it. (I,iii,317-318) Roderigo admits to Iago that he is overcome with jealousy for Desdemona, but it isnt within his character to change the way he feels towards her. Iago sees an opportunity to make a profit from Roderigos misfortunes and sets him on a mad quest to be with the woman he loves. The ideas Iago plants into Roderigo, once they are rooted deep inside him, start to teem like weeds in an unkempt garden.It is a dream that in the end costs Rodrigo more than just his wealth. He pays the iron price, with his life. Jealousy, when set upon a person who has already harboured inside them, it spreads. Once it spreads, it is no easy task to eliminate or control. We see this in Othello, as it costs many of the characters their lives, because of a feeling false hope and manipulation, in the hope that what they wanted wo uld be theirs.

Technology Making Our Lives Easier

As we are brocaded in a society where eachthing is simply handed to us, we tend to shrink umteen things for granted that others in the world do not have. Things wish well GPS, phones, credit cards, cameras, and insulin pumps help us live a qualitative and arable life and NASA has played a very key role in developing many technologies worry these. From invisible braces to long-distance communicating turn of eventss, NASA has brought up inventions that we consistently use every day in our lives.A device that many people in the world rely on ordinary and something that has made a huge difference in peoples lives is the pissing filtration system(s). NASA setoff made it to be used on the space station or in a spacecraft, and since then the weewee filtration system is a must-have in any place in the world. NASA showed amazing ingenuity to control bacterial contamination in space, and because of that, we have learned how to control pollutants in water here on earth.We see water f iltration systems more than we think, and it allows us to hump a healthy lifestyle. Whether its through submergeming pools or manufacturing processes, the water filtration systems affects our lives every day in a positive way. There are many different graphemes of water filters and you preserve classify them by the way they work, exactly they all need to do one job and thats in effect filter and die water. One event of a water filtration system is the tip over osmosis, which is the process of removing dissolved inorganic solids out of a solution (water).This type of system involves using many different filters and membranes in order to purify and improve the drinking quality of water. There are alikewise unseeable systems which do a remarkable job at disinfecting water. Ultraviolet systems can destroy 99. 99% of harmful micro-organisms in the water very effectively and they do this by using a lamp or bulb which emits UV light which is then used as energy to attack the microorganism in the water and essentially destroy it, thus making the water free of future bacteria.There are many other type of systems like the Carefree Clearwater systems (which are based on NASAS late 1900s technology) which are not only used for drinking water in the home, but also for pool and shower water. These type of large-scale systems foray the water in a pool or hot-tub by using the same type of strategy as the UV systems. They release ions like hair and bullion to destroy bacteria and algae in the system. These type of systems would work better than cleaning with chlorine because they have less nwanted side effects like burning eyes and bleached skin or hair (due to the copper and silver ions not dissipating from heat and sunlight, unlike chlorine) and they are more unchangeable and productive to work with. Water filtration systems affect our lives everyday throughout everything we do. Without them, clean and purified water would be difficult to fall across, and civilization would eventually come to a halt. Whether its the water that we drink or the pool that we love to swim in, systems like the reverse osmosis and the Carefree Clearwater are at work and doing an dumbfounding job in order to make our daily lives healthy and enjoyable.

Mahatma Gandhi Detailed Research Essay

Mahatma Gandhi was one of the to the highest degree influential political leaders of his time. During his manners Gandhi lead a life based on the Hindu faith, yet he encouraged all(a) paths to God. Gandhi is honoured as the father of India. He studied to become a lawyer at university and attempted to be a devote lawyer in India. His practice there was unsuccessful, however he joined an Indian crocked in South Africa where he began to inspire change.When Gandhi reached his mid-twenties, his experiences with discrimination against Indian lot in South Africa marked a turning point in his life. He helped to lead a civil rights movement among Indian throng in South Africa, leading them in peaceful protests. His stance on non-violence was that everyone, even those in government, law enforcement and the military should hold to a principle of non-violence. His radical view of self-rule, peace and non-resistance is honoured all over the world on October 2nd, annually as the Internation al Day of Non-violence.Mahatma Gandhi was a practicing Hindu. He mat up that all religions were valid and equal, however, he also felt that Hinduism was the most substantive religion for him. He believed that everyone had a path that was right for him or her, and he refused to convert to any other religion, although some had tried to persuade him.Brahmacharya is related to spiritual and practical purity, and his vegetarianism helped him stand firm in his belief and practice of complete self-control. Brahmacharya was a path towards self-realization for Gandhi. He practiced, and tested, celibacy sideline his fathers death so that he could learn to lamb and control his lustful urges. He was about 36 years old, and nonoperational married when he took this vow.

American reform movements of 1825-1850 Essay

In the period from 1825-1850, a majority of the remediate movements in the United States seek to rarify participatory ideals. However, some did so indirectly and unintentionally.The reform movements were spurred by the Second expectant Awakening, which began in New England in the late 1790s, and would effectually spread passim the country. The Second GA differed from the First in that people were immediately believed to be able to choose whether or not to believe in God, as opposed to previous ideals found on calvinism and predestination.According to Charles G. Finney, the part of the church service is to reform society. In 1834, he said, When the churches argonawakened and reformed, the reformation and salvation of sinners will follow. Finney had been invited by Second Great Awakening ideals. He goes on to say that drunkards, harlots, and infidels would also be converted do to reform by the church. In this sense, the Second Great Awakening helped expand popular ideals by bettering the moral standards of the common man.In 1835, Patrick Reason created an engraving depicting a black female slave in chains. Above her is the quote, Am I not a woman and a sister?? This reflects how the abolition and womens movements often tied into one an other(a). Both of these movements helped expand democratic ideals in that they desired increased rightfulnesss (specifically suffrage) for minorities. However, women and blacks were simply trying to increase their own influence in society, and were not otherwise looking to expand democratic ideals for the social welfare of everyone (Native Americans, Irish immigrants, etc.).The Grimke sisters (Angelina & Sarah) were southern abolitionists who also played a role in the Womens Movement. Susan B. Anthony, a Quaker, and therefore opposed to slavery on moral grounds, also played a role in some(prenominal) movements. Anthony was a disciple of Eliizabeth Cady Stanton.Nativism was also an important reform movement of t his while period. Nativism was the belief that only white Anglo-Saxon Protestants should be allowed suffrage and other rights. People believed this partly from fear of a Catholic takeover, and partly because they did not want foreign immigrants competing with them for jobs.Samuel Morse was a key supporter of nativism. In his Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States, written in 1835, he express that no foreigner who comes into the country after the law is passed shall ever be allowed the right of suffrage. The law he referred to was a proposed law to replace the reliable Naturalization Law of the time. This movement did not seek to expand democratic ideals.Education reform was also an important movement of this period. Universal humanity suffrage created the need for educational activity reform. The common laborer began to demand education for his children. This movement sought to expand democratic ideals in that more amend people meant more people woul d be able to be fecund members of society. Emma Willard played a role in this movement as thoroughly as the Womens Movement. She opened the Troy Female Seminary in 1821, which apt women to be members of the clergy.William H. McGuffey invented the McGuffey Reader. This was a standard reader that all children read based on their grade. In a passage from a McGuffey Reader from 1836, a poor young boy discusses how his parents are very good to prevent some of their money in order that I may require to read and write. He is referring to tax-supported public schools, which were a result of the education reform movement.Alcohol corrupt was becoming widespread throughout the early 1800s. This was due in part to Elijah Craigs invention of bourbon in 1789. Alcohol abuse led to decreased efficiency of labor, which was a problem for businessmen and consumers alike. The sobriety Movement began in an effort to end alcohol abuse. The American moderation Society was formed in Boston in 1826 , and urged people to translate up alcohol. Neal Dow supported prohibition, and is considered the Father of Prohibition. He supported the Maine Law of 1851, which taboo the manufacture and sale of alcohol. William Lloyd Garrison was an abolitionist who also supported temperance.An 1846 vignette entitled The Drunkards Progress. From The First Glass To The Grave shows what a detrimental aftermath alcohol had on the life of the common laborer. The Temperance Movement sought to expand democratic ideals in that it protected the common man from himself. It amend the common mans productivity as well as his well-being by discouraging him from the evils of alcohol.The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 sought to expand democratic ideals more vigilently and radically than perhaps any other event of any movement. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton both played important roles in the convention. They produced a firmness of purpose of Sentiments which stated that all men and women are cre ated equal. They also produced a gag rule formally demanding womens suffrage.In an excerpt from the Seneca Falls Declaration (August 2, 1848), Stanton states that the women are assembled to protest against a form of government, existing without the consent of the governedto declare our right to be free as man is free. Here she refers to the government-by-social contract philosophical system of John Locke. She goes on to declare that strange as it may seem, we now demand our right to vote according to the declaration of the government nether which we live. Here she refers to the Declaration of Independence of 1776, which stated that all men are created equal.Dorothia Dix travelled over 60,000 miles touring asylums across America. Her journals would help spread the idea that bats people were actually mentally ill, and did not simply choose to be crazy. Her work led to 15 new hospitals and improved conditions in menses hospitals of the time. While she did not seek to expand democra tic ideals, she did improve the conditions in asylums, which is an indirect increase in the rights of the mentally ill.In the period from 1825-1850, a majority of the reform movements in the United States sought to expand democratic ideals. However, some did so indirectly and unintentionally.

Donne’s use of conceit: Essay

The give-and-take conceit as a literary term can be defined is a fairly elaborate figurative device. The pleasure drawn form conceit is intellectual rather than sensual. John Donne has tiller abundant use of conceits in his issue and religious poems to convey his centre in a beautiful and intellectual way to his readers. He has do abundant use of metaphors, imagery and similes in his poems in order to expectant them with aesthetic pleasure of first water. His poem A Valediction drab Mourning leaves a glorious example of the use of metaphorical conceits in the love poems.In this poem he discusses and compares the intricate web of kindred mingled with love, soul and body with the drawing compasses. The basic them of the poem is that love is a strong and powerful passion and it has the power of keeping the lovers united together no matter how vast the physical differences are between them they willing eventually meet and live together just kindred when one and only(a)nes s arm of compass started its journey and get separated from its some other half. At the comp permition of the circle the separated half comes back and becomes united together with its partner.That is the case which John Donne wanted to make with respect to the copulate of the lovers in his poem A Valediction Forbidding Mourning in which the lover says to his beloved, Yet, when the other far doth roam,/ It leans, and hearkens after it, / And grows erect, as that comes home. This basically implies that she moldiness not fear the separation as the power of her love will guard him and bring him back to her at last. John Donne also makes a very good and meaningful use of conceit in his sacred poems.For instance in his holy poem A Nocturnal Upon none such Lucys Day the use of summer solastics is do to convey in a marvelous way the hopes of the poet. He says in the poem that TIS the divisions midnight, and it is the days,/Lucys, who scarce seven hours herself unmasks / The sun is s pent, and now his flasks/ buck forth light squibs, no constant rays the veritable meaning of the poet is to present himself as an empty self which will be rejuvenated by love. dishonour of the Lock and the satirical portrait of Belinda.The mock-heroic is defined as a look of writing in which a heroic manner is adopted to make a bantam subject seem grand in such a way as to satirize the style, and it is in that respectfore commonly use in burlesque and parody. Alexander pope use this style in his long poem entitled Rape of the Lock to satirize the dexterity and life style of the fashionable society of eighteenth century England. The close important incident in the poem is the cutting of a throw out of hair that resulted in the development of fight between two families, as he says What dire Offence from amrous Causes springs,/What mighty Contests rise from trivial Things, I.1-2 . Belinda is the heroine of the poem and she is also served as the thatt of satire by Pope. She i s discussed as the vain and empty minded women of that fashionable society. Who cares more for her beauty and less(prenominal) for her religion and morality, he says that And now, unveild, the Toilet stands displayd,/Each silvern Vase in mystic Order laid. /First, robd in White, the nymph intent adores/With Head uncoverd, the Cosmetic Powrs. /A heavnly date in the Glass appears,/To that she bends, to that her Eyes she rears l. 121-6. Belinda is also criticized by Pope in the way she has placed bible among the other trivialities of her cosmetics, Here Files of Pins extend their glitter Rows,/ Puffs, Powders, Patches, Bibles, Billet-doux. l. 137-8 Belinda is discussed as the type of women of eighteenth century fashionable society who lived there lives just for the sake of gilded chariots, pearls and rubies, beautiful dresses, cosmetics, lovers and raising hue and rallying cry over immensely trivial matters. They have no heart or mind for religion, morality, or any other serious discipline of life.Philip Sidney and Shakespeares sonnets Sir Philip Sidney set the vogue of writing sonnet-sequences, In fact, after Wyatt and Surrey the sonnet was overleap for a number of years. It was for Sidney to revitalize this form by composing one hundred and eight sonnets, all put in Astrophel and Stella, commemorating his idle love for Penelope Deveneux, the daughter of his patron, the Earl of Essex. Sidney wrote the sonnet, not to satisfy the call of the age, but to express his heart-felt love-experience.Sidneys sonnets reveal a true lyric emotion. On the one hand, there is in these sonnets much of the conventional material of the Italian sonneteers but on the other hand there are touches so apt to the situation of a man who loves too late that one hesitates to ascribe them to mere dramatic skill. In Astrophel and Stella, Sidney writes not because it is a idyllic add accomplished thing to do but because he must. His sonnets let out blood. As a sonneteer Sidney is plac ed next only to Shakespeare and Spenser.His better(p) written sonnets are Loving in truth, and fain in meter my love to show With how sad steps, 0 Moon, thou climbst the skies get by Sleep, O Sleep, the certain knot of peace, having this day, my horse, my hand, my lance and No, more my dear, no more these counsels try. Sidneys sonnets are mostly written in mixed Italian and English forms. Shakespeare has followed the pattern of Surrey in his sonnets. Since he has made a splendid use of this form, it is known after him and not surrey, its real originator.

Communication Barrier Essay

communicating is defined as an exchange of information. It involved the transmission of ideas and thoughts. To communicate center that you sh atomic number 18 with others your concepts, your thoughts and ideas. Most of our time is spent in this mutual birth by either speaking or listening. This ability to communicate is what makes domain the unique creature that he is, with the ability to control and dominate, to build and maintain. communication theory is a boastfully thing in America. It is said to be our around vital and largest industry. We are awed by mans methods of communication. We stripping them complete in viva voce, pen or visualized form.In hatred of this, communication is a big problem in our populates. Becaexercising of human nature, plastered barriers exist making the communication process either ineffective or impossible. At times we just do not get with to people. This often results in mis reckoning. Many splits in congregations are due to the communicat ions problem. Brethren have trouble talking to distributively other, they be fix estranged and slightly become enemies. Much of this can be eliminated if we understand some of the barriers to our communication.In the discussion that follows, the spark advance barriers to communicating effectively in todays wrenching environment are identified, and proven techniques for coping with them are considered. The principal barriers to effective communication are noise, poor feedback, selection of inappropriate media, a wrong mental attitude, insufficient or deficiency of attention to work selection, delay in message transmittal, physical separation of the sender and receiver, and lack of empathy or a good relationship between the sender and receiver.lets now give four examples of communication barriers and the ancestor of each one as well.There are many communication barriers that come up during the communication process. First, there are physical distractions that interfere with the military strength of a communication attempt. For example, I work at a ironware store and I would be mixing paint for customer spell another(prenominal) customer comes up to me and asks where something is located in the store.For this case, it can be many guidances. You can ask someone else to attend to the customer, yet slake be able to accomplish your job without losing the customer. If the first customer not around, you should attend to the other customer first and go back to your job.Second, we live in a verbal environment. Words constitute the most much manipulationd tool for communicating. Words usually facilitate communication however, their careless, faulty use in a given placement can pee a communication barrier. Arthur Kudner, an advertising executive, once told his son All big things have wee names such as life and death, ease and war, or dawn, day, night, hope, love, and home. Learn to use little voice communication in a big way. It is hard to do, but they s ay what you mean. When you dont hit the sack what you mean use big spoken language they often fool little people.The words we use should be selected carefully. Dr. Rudolph Flesch, a specialist in words and communication, suggests a way to break through the word barrier use familiar words in mall of the unfamiliar, use concrete words in place of the abstract, use short words in place of long and use single words in place of several.Unfortunately, more or less every commonly used word has more than one meaning. to a fault words have regional meanings or derive new meanings as a result of the development of new industries or fields. The meaning conveyed by the senders words depends upon the experience and attitude of the receiver. Therefore, one way to penetrate the word barrier is for the sender to strive to speak or write in terms of the receivers experience and attitude. The advance able he is to do this, the more successful the communication go away be. Dr. S. E. Hayakawa, a U.S. Senator from California, expressed it very well when he said, The meanings of words are not in the words they are in us.Third, the ability to realize with someone else whitethorn not be easy. If you are to see things from anothers viewpoint, you have to put aside your own prejudices and preconceptions. The receiver may be of a different race, creed, educational background, from a different surgical incision of the country, or have a different specialty or range inside the organization. Under these circumstances, the task of empathizing with the other member of the communication unify is difficult. The task is further complicated if you believe that understanding anothers viewpoint may pose a threat to your own.To better communicate, we essential try to see ourselves through the eyes of others in the communication link. By developing some empathy with the people to whom we depart be directing messages, we top executive recognize the need to modify our messages from ti me to time before send them. We should use easy word when we communicate with other people, let everyone understand easily. Not to ward, no technician word that people around the word go away be able to follow.The last one, as managing director, many communication barriers will turn out as well. Generally, managers make more frequent use of oral, rather than written, communication. However, the media one selects for communication in a particular situation should correlate with the feedback requirements. A communication adversity or partial failure could occur if the media you select for transmittal of a message is inappropriate and incumbent feedback is not received. Most simple messages can be transmitted by word of mouth either in a face-to-face discussion, formal briefing, or coming together of the staff. More complex messages should be written in a directive, instruction, memorandum, or report. Very complex messages should be transmitted in both oral and written form. Repe tition and review of an oral communication in written form can be a facilitating device.So the personal qualities of the manager should be a consideration in the selection. As manager, you should recognize your strengths and limitations. You should prize your successes and failures in communication and plan to use the media that best fits your style and qualities.From the preceding(prenominal) communication barriers and each of solution, we can observe that in todays world, no matter what the communication barrier is, there is always to the solution over the barrier. It is just a matter of different approach within you means and ability to execute the solution without losing any clients.

Discrimination and Young People Essay

1.1 Explain what is meant by* sort* existity* cellular inclusionDiversity factor difference. It means sympathy that each soul is unique, and recognizing our idiosyncratic differences such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, physical abilities and religious beliefs. Equality means cover uping everyone the same regardless of their individual differences. It is the discovery of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. Everyone has an equal right to be treated with dignity and venerate. No one should be denied opportunities because of their race or ethnicity, their disability, their gender or sexual orientation, their age or religion. Inclusion means including throng in a way that makes them finger appreciated and respected. Treating individuals fairly and respecting the differences between them makes it easier to include them.1.2 Describe the effectiveness set up of discriminationDiscrimination is treating someone or a group of people in a different way to everyone else based on their individual differences. It involves the behavior towards a pincer or children such as excluding or restricting children from activities that former(a) children ar participating in. Discrimination happens when we fail to respect individuals and their choices.Discrimination affects everybody in different waysLow self-esteem, depression, withdrawn behaviour, shyness, tearful, direful etc. When someone is discriminated against, it stick out exclude them from friends, family, neighbours, and society in general. A childs self-worth is reduced, as they feel isolated, and alone. sisterrens & adenosine monophosphate materialization Peoples Workforce (2010 page 21) states that When children experience prejudiced attitudes, in that respect is a danger of damage to their self-esteem and self-confidence.Discrimination can limit a childs right to achieve their likely and objectives, their right to learn, their right to succeed. The most common forms of discrimination are racial remarks, being insulted and being the butt of hurtful jokes. Discrimination, racism and harassment may have significant mental and physical health consequences such as frustration, stress, anxiety and depression.Effects of discrimination physically and emotionallyDepression evokeLow self-esteemIsolationLoss of confidenceLow self-worth feeling stressed or unable to copeFear of rejectionThe long-term set up could includeLoss of motivationMissed opportunities that may affect the childs experiences and development Limited access to services Mental distemper caused by stress1.3 Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversityInclusive practice is about the attitudes, approaches and approaches taken to ensure that people are non excluded or isolated. It means supporting diversity by evaluate and welcoming childrens differences, and promoting equality by ensuring equal opportunities for all children.Child care workers sh ow inclusive practice by on the job(p) in ways that recognise, respect, value and make the most of all aspects of diversity. Childrens & upstart Peoples Workforce (2010 page 25) states that another oddball of inclusive practice is to offer children equality of opportunity to participate, develop and learn. This does not mean treating them all the same we have to acknowledge their diversity and treat children as individuals, with equal concern. Having a sound awareness of and responding sensitively to an individuals diverse needs supports them in developing a sense of belonging, well-being and confidence in their identity and capabilities and it helps them to achieve their potential to take their place in society.In addition, inclusive practice involves having an understanding of the impact that discrimination, inequality and social exclusion can have on an individuals physical and mental health. Having such an understanding ensures appropriate, alter care and support, the reby enabling an individual to develop self-respect and represent a valued role in society.Childrens & Young Peoples Workforce (2010 page 20) states that When children spend time in settings which promote diversity, equality of opportunity and inclusion, they are able to make take place in all areas of development. Inclusive practice involves reflecting on and dispute ones own prejudices, behaviours and work practices. It also involves challenging those of colleagues and other service providers with a view to changing ways of thinking and working and changing services to build on good practice and to better support diversity and promote equality.BibliographyAuthorsPenny Tassoni, Kate Beith, Kath Bulman, Sue Griffin form of publication2010TitleChildrens & Young Peoples Workforce Early Learning & Childcare PublisherHeinemann

QR Codes and Nursing Essay

Origin tout ensemble toldy invented in 1994, by the Denso Wave Corporation in Japan, Quick response codes, or QR codes were mean to for the auto manu positionurer Toyota as a means to track vehicles, as well as vehicle parts, during the manufacturing production stages of building their cars. The QR codes were designed to allow Toyota manufactures to identify parts by s basinning a two dimensional barcode, or, QR code at high speed. Since its inception in 1994 QR codes oblige call on one of the most popular parts of barcode utilised in Japan. Used earlier through Smart phones, this technology quickly allows consumers to entre information contained in the QR code. In recent years the QR barcodes construct infiltrated the United States via consumer advertisers and packaging companies. QR codes can be found on direct mail from advertisers, billboards, buses, internet ads, and have even crossed boarders into the healthcargon industry (Wikipedia, 2012). Even the Federal politica l sympathies is adopting the use of QR codes to reduce the risks associated with mistaken personnel identification.The United States Department of apology has overly boosted identification (ID) security of employees by adopting ingenious ID cards, which are fundamentally QR codes. Instead of using the traditional ID card with employee photos, the Department of Defense has issued smart ID cards which act much alike QR codes, however, they much are more expensive to produce, and require ongoing IT support. Although they are more expensive than a traditional ID card, The Smart ID cards allow for faster verification of personnel, and whitethorn ease some of the pressure on security officials who have to use their judgment based on an ID card flashed in their face.With one sap of the QR code, muckle to the minute, information can be displayed, which includes, authorizations for the employee, or their qualifications and, or credentials. The economic consumption of this communicati on is to explain the advantages and disadvantages of participating in a QR code operate program, such as Lifesquare, who has partnered with emergency workers in Marin County, California to improve their talent to save lives in emergency situations through the use of QR codes, which allow them to access patient medical information including, medical history and musics currently taken.In more cases this is critical with regards to saving someones life. Having access to their medical history, and or current treats could be critical in an emergency situation, when measure is of the essence. In the medical field, this has become known as BCMA, which is bar code-assisted medication garbage disposal. BCMA technology is being apply as an aid to combat medication administration errors, improve patient safety and provide more dead-on(prenominal) medication administration documentation. Not only is this technology being used in the United States, however, this technology is also used in European countries including Denmark, Italy and the Netherlands (Hassink, Jansen, Helmons, 2012). There have been some studies conducted over the years to conclude whether or not BCMA technology is advantageous to the medical field, including hospitals, doctors, nurses, and pharmacists.Research has concluded, that there are both advantages and disadvantages when implementing BCMA technology, as well as contrasting information when it comes down to whether or not the BCMA technology is actually reducing errors in care for administration. Although, the studies have concluded that there are many issues with BCMA technology, none manoeuver that BCMA technology is failing to bar patient safety, which should be the main occupy when administering medicine (Hassink, Jansen, Helmons, 2012). When researching the advantages to using BCMA technology, there werent many sources that provided straight to the indicate advantages, however, according to a 2010 quasi-experimental study P oon, et al., report that barcode medication administration systems have been associated with a 41% reduction in non-timing administration errors and a 51% reduction in potential adverse drug events from these errors, carrying the potential to prevent 95,000 possible ADEs (Poon 2010).If these numbers are correct, BCMA technology has to potential to prevent about 100,000 cases of ADE, which is and adverse drug event, in which are defined as an soil resulting from the use of a medicine or omission of an intended medicine (Hassink, Jansen, Helmons, 2012). Basically, when a patient is injured due to a medication error, it is considered and ADE. On the other hand, it actualisems that there was lots of information when it came down to the disadvantages of using BCMA technology. Since many of the studies conducted could not present any clear cut evidence and the fact that many of the studies regarding BCMA technology have contrasting information have produced many barriers to stop its im plementation. Of the disadvantages, one of the main concerns was the price to implement this technology.This includes the costs of the equipment and installation, on with training the staff on how to use a new and truly complex technology such as BCMA. You also have to  flock with the fact that not all people are computer savvy, and mingled software programs such as the BCMA technology may not be user friendly. Having a nurse that does not know how to operate this type of system may do more harm than good. Many nurses also feel that the BCMA process is very time consuming, however, studies found that there was no issue with regards to the time it took to administer medicine using this process.In conclusion, I would like to state that I feel that the BCMA process will be very effective in the future and will most like be used throughout the medical field and in all hospitals. Although BCMA technology is not necessarily new, it is new in the field of medicine, and those that c ome int understand this process may be having a heavy(p) time accepting it. Eventually they will work out all of the kinks associated with BCMA technology, and we will see the numbers associated with medicine administration errors decrease, while we see an increase in patient safety.ReferencesHassink, J.J., Jansen, M.M., and Helmons, P, J. (2012). Effects of bar code-assisted medication administration BCMA) on frequency, type and severity of medication administration errors a inspection of the literature. Eur J Hosp Pharm 19, 489-494. Doi 10.1136/ejhpharm-2012-000058 Quick response codes. Retrieved November 22, 2012 from Wikipedia Poon, E. G., Keohane, C. A., Yoon, C. S., Ditmore, M. B., Bane, A. R., Levtzion-Korach, O. M., et al. (2010). Effect of Bar-Code Technology on the Safety of Medication Administration. New England Journal of Medicine , 362 (18), 1698-1707We Can unless Should We?Chamberlain College of NursingBritney Adams

Opinions and Social Pressure Response Essay

Summary In the article, Opinions and Social Pressure by Solomon E. Asch, he states that social pressure from a majority group could run a person to conform. Asch and his research team valued to find place how and how much social forces constrain peoples opinions and attitudes. The researchers also wanted to find out whether or not, when confronted with an incorrect attend to, idiosyncratics would conform to the group or confuse his own make out.The experi handst starts with seven to nine young men put in a room. The young group of men have been told before the experiment to all told agree on the correct coiffure and play on to say the correct answer, except one person. The last individual has no idea that the others were told to state the incorrect answers the entire measure. There atomic number 18 two cards placed in front of the members that consist of quatern lines, all of different lengths. The card on the left is the line you atomic number 18 comparing the other three lines to on the card on the right. The members would answer which two lines are identical in order from who sat guttle first to who sat down last. All of the young men continue to give the correct answer. On this set of trials unaccompanied 1% of the fourth dimension the landing field would disagree with the majority. To see if the minority would continue to conform, Asch conducted a aid trial. During this trial, all of the participants, except one, stated the wrong answer. When the last person answered, the subject quickly stirs his answer to the wrong answer.On this set of trials, 36.8% of the time the minority agreed with the incorrect answer. On the third trial, Asch decided to add more(prenominal)(prenominal) people to the minority. As the contestants gave their answers, those in the majority were allowed to give any answer they wanted. These results showed that 13.6% accepted the wrong answer compared to the second experiment. This sudden drop indicates wit h but one person in the minority, he was more likely to conform. When in that location were more in the minority, participants were more likely to answer how they would and not whole tone pressured. In the last experiment, the member in the minority was allowed to be seated next to someone he knew personally. During this set of trials, the member in the minority ended up answering almost invariably independent. Out of all of the trials, Asch concluded that people will conform for two reasons they want to harmonize in with the others and because they deliberate the group is better informed (on an intelligence level) than they are. retort While there have been many psychological tests similar to this, this experiment lacks certain criteria that I believe would change the outlook of this experiment. Since this experiment was make in the 1950s, which was a time in which it was the norm to conform, this could not orchestrate to young men now based on how time has changed along wit h norms. Secondly, since this was done in America, this could not fully take effect in other countries because not all countries conform like we do, so the statistical evidence would vary immensely. Besides the negative, two studies have brought some more insight to this experiment that have shed light as to how time changes Aschs results.In a consonance experiment by Richard Crutchfield, his studies gear up participants with high intelligence scores and leadership abilities to show less conformity than others-which is something Asch did not address. Secondly, in 1980, psychologists Perrin & Spencer replicated Aschs study and found only one conforming response in 396 trials. They said cultural changes oer the last fifty years had led to a reduction in conformity (McLeod). Based on all the evidence, I do believe that under certain circumstances we do conform, but not a majority of the time due to how we are raised, norms, cultural changes, and other aspects that could change how we view things.

Racism from past to present

Racism is the belief that a endure is lord to every(prenominal) other(a) races and has the right to manage all(a) other races. This term emphasizes the favorable position In terms of the biological differences, such as color and gender. In the history, although racial discrimination was use to organize daily life in clans, with Greeks it gained its ostracize meaning. With the Renaissance and the straighten out, Europeans disc all overed new nations and places. However, according to Europeans understanding, these new people rear end only be slaves. Therefore, racism has actually begun. The first modern fascist leader ofEuropean, Mussolini had a strong belief about being racist. He did not give right to personify to any thought exclusively his thought. He killed many people. In Dalton, Hitler was other fascist leader who murder millions of people because of their races. Thus racism has become kn make. Basically, as twain Connelly (2004, p. 72) and Shah (2010, Para. L) show that people collect tendency to be superior to others. Shah adds that racism has been apply as weapons. As it was in the past, racism however exists all over the world. Proponents of the idea that racism still exist claim that due to laws, racism Anton exist.They also mention that according to the universal Declaration of Human Rights, all humans ar equal. They may claim a point exclusively laws cannot prevent racism and racists. Laws are valid only racists are caught. In the united States for example, although punishment is serious, racism exists in the aspect of black and smock. Blacks have separate neighborhood from snow-whites, they do not like whites thoughts or they do not have a white person in their environment. The reason out for this is that in the past, whites saw and used blacks as slaves. In immediately, on that point is not a comprehension about Ewing slave but whites still spites blacks.This causes white racism. Moreover, racists do not have to show h ow they believe or they do not have to discriminate. They can only have thoughts of being racist and laws cannot catch or prevent this kind of thoughts. The reason why racism still exists is the human nature regarding inferior and superior. First, in the aspect of superior, they are naturally arrogant people. This class thinks that they are superior to everyone in everything. Therefore, they humiliate other races. Due to physical characteristic of other races, they make a trooper for specific races and they become blemish.Europeans prejudice about Arabians can be given as an example. They think that Arabians are dirty and they smell bad. This short letter causes racism now. Moreover, superior race thinks that they have the right to determine other races rights, such as how they think, where they can stay or whether they can live or not. Hitler for example, had a great power to take lives of Jewish people. Today, in like manner to Hitters reason, there is a problem called smuggl ing of people. Generally, people who are fatal are from either Africa or Middle East, they were never European.Smuggling soul exists because superior races think that they can employ them illegally. Second, in aspect of inferior people, there is a fear of superior ones. Being a criminal race produces that kind of fear. As Russell (1 998, p. 124) mentions Willows thesis about black crime causes white fear, white racism caused by Black and Latino men. If they did not have this high rate of crime, there would not be white fear. Furthermore, another kind of fear from superior happens as action and reaction. If Europeans are racists to Arabians, thusly stay away from Europeans because they feel inferior.Another reason why racism still exists is what happened in history. They may have not happened because of racism but they get off racism today. First, events about economy have really changed the world. After the Reform and the Renaissance, colonialism came into the world. India was on e of the countries colonized by England. As Marvin states, At any rate, no serious effort has ever been made to colonize the country, and the English who go to India think only of acquiring the largest amount of money in the shortest viable time, and returning home to enjoy it in their beloved fatherland (2006, p. ). Thus, today racism still exists between India and England. Second, political history caused racism today as well. In the history, states struggled for independence. In pansy Empire, for example, there were many nations who live peacefully. However, when the Ottoman Empire started to fall down, Armenian rebelled. They wanted to have their own country in the soil that they live in but it belonged to the Ottoman Empire. Because of this situation, Ottomans and Armenian had disagreement. Then that disagreement cause today the so-called Armenian genocide. Now, Turkey andArmenian are prejudiced to each other because of what happened in history. dreary treatment to Armenian or reverse produces racism in both countries. All in all, racism still exists in our world. People should suppose that as world and politic changes, terms meanings will either be change or be broaden. While the term racism was used for people who support his race, then it is used for humiliation. In our world, it almost lost(p) its meaning because today anything can be racism, such as prejudice or difference of thoughts among nations. Racism is not biological differences anymore.

How can you make them Essay

As an employer, various approaches potty be employed to improve galosh practices among pilots, maintainace community and other employers of Aircraft telephoner as this is essential in preventing casualty from avoidable risks.The steps towards motifTalk to your employeesFind out how m any(prenominal) of those employed movements and what their needs are. In order words the needs assessment.sk astir(predicate) their training needs and the beat out way they can be supported to be safe riders and managers of aircraft. are they new workers or more see? Have they completed any training course before? Whats their attitude towards a perpetual learning and refresher courses? Appoint an aircraft coordinatorThe most important and crucial calculate for a workplace aircraft champions are interest and zeal in travel. This aircraft coordinator would dish as a middleman between the company management and employees. With cooperate from aircraft shops ,the coordinator organizes seminars inviting speakers that address interesting safety issues to those working in and out of the aircraft He should be able to sacrifice few hours in a workweek in order to jumpstart and direct the worksite safety agenda. Furthermore, employees can be encouraged to drive safely by establishing club or a group .When peers assist in arranging and shouldering programs and events, this will motivate people to participate .This club can provide access to issues that pertains to safety gears, skills and control and licensing as well as provide information on where to ride and how to obtain quality aircraft maintain ace.Initiate a mentor or Aircraft buddy planThis can be done for new pilots experienced plots can be paired with new ones if the expertise is not in the workplace a contact to local dealer or recommend from state aircraft office to find experienced pilots to assist employees to learn riding safely such mentors give novice information about safety measures also encourage and boost their confidenceGive a unfreeze Starter Kit to new  employeesThis will contain information about safe practices, brochures on licensing and safety tutorials, protective gears and discount tickets on at gear shops Cardigans with company logo and with rider-friendly blueprint and watchword this decision is do by the coordinator to decide the kit contents.Steps to implement Aircraft safety awareness initiatives Explore all available communication methods and these include internet, hangar signage payroll check inserts bulletin banners posters lobby display company magazines intranet and email blasts. Make league with local aircraft dealership to provide a free or support maintain ace check for aircraft. Such a dealer may accept giving discounts or gear or maintenance material body safety awareness seminal series displaying local speakers and resource personnel office

7s Model Samsung

Case field of view 2. Trade and Innovation in the Korean Information and Communication Technology sphere¹. Onodera, Osamu Kim, Hanna Earl OECD journal General Papers 2008, Vol. 8 manage 4, p109-155, 47p, 34 Charts, 20 Graphs This includes the st prescribegy of the organisation, the institution system, the last in the organisation towards risk-taking and change, the penury of employees, cross functional skill, association concern and the employ of internal and external ne bothrks. Employees leaveingness to coin risks very much dep blockades on the gentleman beings of a noblame culture.A powerful culture fosters re b be-assedal on the whole if it is make on norms much(prenominal) as accepting misfortune (Goffin & planetaryistic angstromere Mitchell, 2005, s. 265). Multifunctional learning fosters innovative and learning by doing on the office of the employees and encourage them keep up to season with the in vogue(p) growths. It in add ition serves as a radix for creating a climate that can consume about organizational transition (Takeuchi & adenine Nonaka, 1986). Organizations need to subjoin their innovative faculty and one powerful mechanism for doing so is to ext close familiarity in the functioning to a much wider people.Mobilizing high directs of participation in the innovation carry through and through is unacquainted with(predicate) and, for many organizations, relatively untested and patently risky (Bessant, 2003, s. 767). Mobilizing and managing k straightway conductge constructs a indigenous task and many recipes offered for achieving this depend on mobilizing a much higher aim of participation in innovative problem-solving (Bessant, 2003, s. 767) Companies industri completelyy can non expect to w atomic number 18house their technologies, waiting until their stockes operate use of them (Chesbrough, 2003, p. 32) Thirdly, the 7-S fabric contains the very process of innovation. The proc ess is divided into a serial of relatively well-kn cause steps in the funnel approach that seems to be trite in theory and praxis these days. However, it has been chosen to illustrate this differently than conventionally, because The assumption of a sequential progression without feedback loops and recurring tasks is impractical (Saren, 1994, s. 633). Hence, the illustration of the process circling the innovation fundamentals.So what is contained within the process element of the 7-S framework? Again this can be illustrated by victimisation a quotation from close to of the state-of-the-art literature There is no doubt that for managers to increase the success rate of their raw intersection efforts, they should master techniques for the planning, givement, deployment, military rating and control of necessary competencies throughout the new crop (NPD) process, i. e. , from the generation of the new estimation to the launch of the yield to the condescensionplace (Tzokas et al. , 2004, s. 619).In an otherwise(prenominal) words, the innovation process is metric by looking at come out management, pop out planning, top management involvement, project managers, and the application program of innovation fundamentals crossways the s raze stages of the process. Companywide, we will build a content-rich railway transmission line structure that fosters innovation in hardware and package. Building from our creative platform, we will develop new craftes in health, the environment, and renew equal to(p) energy. A go with that epitomises the transformation of the Korean ICT sector is Samsung Electronics.Samsung Electronics is one of the arena jumper lead in semiconductor units, in particular drachms and fiash memories. melted Crystal Displays (LCDs), supple phones, and digital appliances much(prenominal) as fiat panel TVs. go Samsung had quickly gr let from an assembler of raw and white TVs in the 196()s to one of the securities industry l eaders in DRAMs in the agent(a) mid-eighties, making use of foreign engine room and based on international markets, it was roughlyly a market fol overturn quite an than an innovator even in the new-make 1980s. Changes in the craft environment in the primaeval 1990s, i. . great contestation at the lower end of the market overdue to the increase use of evolving achievement ne twainrks in the Asian section by Nipponese producers, increase competition in the Korean domestic market due to progressive trade and perpetratement liberalisation, and withdrawal of the speak system of preference (GSP) privileges in merchandise markets, triggered a transformation of Samsung with a greater violence on engineering, increased world(prenominal) achievement and sourcing, and promoted international gross gross gross revenue and scattering.The fact that Samsung now has question facilities non precisely in atomic design 63, US and lacquer but besides in Russia, Indi a and most youngly mainland China, that it now has 27 manufacturing facilities in 12 countries, with foreign I 1ECD JOtJRNAL habitual PAreRS mass 2008/4 ISSN -IMS-2821 oe C D 2008 112- reason hold 2 toil reaching 35. 9% in 2007, and that it has multiply its sales tietwork from 32 sales organisations in 23 countries in 2000, to 60 in 48 countries iti all regions, shows how worldwide Satnsungs operations fool break as a result hich has become one of the leading firms in the ICT industriousness worldwide from a modest position in the noncurrent two decades. The study assesses how regulatory, trade, and investment policy prizes harbor helped, a broadside other disclose policies, to provide the right framework conditions for applied science absorption and innovation. In addition, it examines how the mysterious sector, and more than than peculiarly Samsung, has taken advantage of those conditions to upraise its innovation competency. The purpose of this study is non to provide a comprehensive tarradiddle of Koreas culture or to evaluate Koreas innovation policy.Rather it is an attempt to shed more or less light on the blood surrounded by trade and innovation from the recent quick growth of Koreas ICT industry in the one-time(prenominal) 15 courses. focuses on Samsungs strategies in international RD, manufacturing, sourcing, supply chain management, sales and distribution. (Other key determinants of Samsungs success include its backbreaking branding and market strategy, its investment strategy of investing in striking efficiency when other companies are cautious, and effective human resource management.The Samsung Group is today the largest chaebol in Korea, which has businesses spanning from electronics and electro-mechanics, shipbuilding and engineering, petrochemicals and fine chemicals, life indemnity and securities to job and constructions. Samsung Electronics is its largest company with 2006 consolidated sales of OECD journal world-wide PAIRS strength 2008/4 SSN -1995-2S21 O OECD 2U0B CASE STUDY 2 1 4 1 USD 92 trillion and net income of USD 8. 5 billion.It employs 128 000 the great unwashed in more than 120 offices in 57 countries, and is organized into five major(ip)(ip) businesses semiconductors ( retrospect chips, system LSI devices and hard disc drives), LCDs (TFTLCD products in various applications). telecommunication profits (mobile phones, telecommunication systems), digital appliances (washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners and stoves) and digital media (TVs, audio/ telly products, PCs and computer peripherals) (Samsung. 2006). It is among the international leaders in semiconductor such(prenominal) as DRAM.SRAM chips, and meretricious memory. CDMA mobile hand manipulates, and digital media technologies such as Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs), and has fast become a truly world(prenominal) transnational company. For ex angstrom unitle, value of tbe Samsung brand was US D 16. 1 billion in 2006 in the Brand look on Survey conducted by Business workweek magazine and Intcrbrand, or 20&8243 among all corporations in tbe worid and 7&8243 in the IT sector. Samsung Electronics is also ranked 27* in the worid on fortune magazines list of Global Most respect Companies.Samsungs success in particulariy noteworthy in light of two factors first, the companys medium size domestic market (Korea has a population of 48 billion) and, second, its origins and recent history. Samsung started off in 1938 as a trading company, and bit it enrolled two manufacturing sectors i. e. sugar and textiles) in the mid-1950s, it was not until 1969 that the firm memorialiseed the electronics industry with the incorporation of Samsung Electronics Co. angiotensin converting enzyme major characteristic of Samsungs main course into the electronics industry was its reliance on foreign engineering. prorogue 21 provides a brief overview ofSamsungs exploitation to the 1990s. e lude 21. Samsung tecbnological capabilities and features of international drudgery mid-seventies 1980s 1990s 20008 Key activities primary(prenominal) sources of capabilities Level of technologicai capabilities International doing and mount of fundamental interaction Conglomerate diversification J/V partners, Original Equipment f/lanufacturer (OEM) buyers and overseas training Capabilities in mass output signal (TVs) Entry into DRAM market OEM buyers, foreign licensing, reverse engineering Broader product surf (VCR, MWO, DRAfvl, agents) but very weak in ability to introduce a major change of productUS & EC for lowend markets ( extra success). commutationised intrafirm interaction Organisational reform, internationalisation Acquisitions. strategicalal alliances, in-house R&D Continued weakness in product organic evolution International proceeds of lowend items in peripheral regions. Moving toward decentralised intraand inter-firm interaction Transformation into a o rbicular company. In-house R&D, strategic alliances and increasing wildness on intellectual property. Strengthened R&D and purpose capabilities, with a core competency in product development. Creation of a world-wide deed network ainly in the Asian region but also in other split of the globe as well. author Kim (1994) for 1970s 1990s. IH-XD JOlRN. M. GENERAL text file VOLl/ME 2008/4 -ISSN -1995-2821 OECD 2008 142-CASE STUDY 2 1970s dependance on foreign engineering effrontery its insufficiency of expetience in electronics, Samsung had no choice but to turn to foreign sources of engineering science in management, production in marketing and Samsung constituted a close relationship with Nipponese and US firms. It created several articulatio backs with foreign engineering science suppliers such as NEC, Sanyo, Corning Glass Works and other companies. It reached legion(predicate) agreements to assemble electronic products for foreign master copy equipment ma nufacturer (OEM) buyers, who provided it with design and engineering live as well as with an international market. Samsung also relied extensively on away suppliers for the purchase of core components. However. Samsung and its affiliated partners have increased its capabilities for parts supply and for some parts even began to ship parts to Korean and Japanese customers. Samsung electronics grow and improve its assembling capacity, producing ten one million million million scurrilous and white TV sets by the end of the 1970s.Most sales were through OEM channel. OEM buyers provided Samsung with product design, quality control and engineering support, deviation Samsung to increase its manufacturing capability. Samsung proceed to increase access to other international distributors and was able to renegociate TU and ease initial geographical restrictions enforce by its jomt venture partners. Samsung expanded its OEM channels and capabilities by adding two new products VCRs a nd atomize ovens. As Samsung was unable to gain foreign licensing for these products, it used reverse engineering, and succeeded in developing its own microwave in 1978 and VCR in 1979. Samsung win modify into the telecommunication sector through a 1977 JV with GTE of the US. In 1974, Samsung acquired Korea semiconductor unit Co. (KSC), a joint venture between Korea engine room & Manufacturing Co. and Integrated Circuit International, a US firm, which manufactured simple interconnected circuits for electronic watches, which formed the basis for Samsungs entry into the dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) business. 980s and ahead of time 1990s Upgrading of technology entry into DRAMs The 1980s was the finish of expansion and diversification for Samsung.As Samsung began to experience limitations on growth in the CTW and VCR markets due to drop of component availability. Samsung made a decision to enter the IC business. To achieve its objective, Samsung once once again tried to learn foreign technology through a broad paradigm of formal and informal contacts, and decided to enter the DRAM market which was considered more adequate for Samsung which had familiarity with incremental process innovation and large scale manufacturing efficiency both of which could become sources of competitive advantage in this sector.In 1983, Samsung licenced a DRAM design from Micron Technology, a US company, and entered the merchandiser market for DRAMs which require the most modern manufacturing technologies and huge capital outlays. In 1983, Samsung successfully developed a 64K-DRAM, followed by a 256K in 1984. and a lM DRAM in 1986. Samsung continued to prove its technology and decreased its reliance on immaterial technology, except for capital equipment and thus uprise from a virtually zero grant in memory chips in 1984 to be the world market leader in DRAMs by 1992. skirt 22 shows how Samsung has step by step caught up with technology leaders Samsung un plowed closing the cattle ranch between itself and the technology leaders, and has been the leader in DRAM development since 1992 when it the first company in the worid to develop 64 Mbit DRAM. OECD daybook GENERAL document VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -1995-2821 O OECD ZIKlti CASE STUDY 2 1 4 3 Table 22. Samsung technology gap in DRAM 64Kbit 256Kbit IMblt 4Mbit 16Mblt 64Mbit 256Mblt IGbIt 4GbIt First development company Intel NEC Toshiba Hitachi jj Samsung SamsungSamsung Samsung Development date by Leader 06/1979 01/1981 07/1984 08/1987 08/1992 08/1994 11/1996 12/2000 Development dale by Samsung 12/1983 01/1984 06/1986 02/1988 07/1990 08/1992 08/1994 11/1996 12/2000 offend between Leader and Samsunq months 3 months . . . 1 Design licensing from Micron Technology put to work technology from Sharp 2 Samsung with two Korean partners generator. Kim (1997), Siegel and Chang (2006), Samsung website (http//www. samsung. com). By the late 1980s, Samsung was able to produce a wide bo d of semiconductors for use in phone sets, computers, private automatic outgrowth exchanges (PABXs). acsimile machines, and VCRs (Kim. 1997). As a result, it was able to reduce dependency on Japanese suppliers for core components. nonetheless the mass of the DRAMs produced in Korea were tradeinged to foreign countries and the other non-memory chips unavoidable (I. e. microprocessors) continued to be imported from other countries (Kim, 1998). The strong resource shift to semiconductors meant that development of other capabilities suffered to some extent. While Samsung Electronics Co. had a minor change capability, it remained weak in major change capability (Kim, 1997).As a result, it continued to use license technology from foreign companies for its main export products in this period. OEM channels remained dominant in the company sales at over 65% of tally sales even in 1988. and Samsung maintained close relationships with OEM buyers such as JC Penney, Sears Roebuck, GTE, To shiba, IBM, Hewlett Packard, RCA and Crown Corporation (Kim. 1997). It was towards the end of the 1980s that Samsung slowly started to build its own technological capability with the acquisition in 1988 of Micro Five Corporation, a US company, and with the establishment of Samsung Infonnation Systems the countrys Inc. SISA) in atomic do 14 Valley to support export activities as well as to gather information on ICT products. It was also in this period that Samsung began its search for foreign genius as a means to compensate for its lack of internal expertise (Box 3). It was also in the 1980s that Samsung started to internationalise its production for certain(prenominal) products such as colour TVs, audio products and microwave ovens. Samsung also sowed the seeds of its telecom business at this time, acquiring Korea Telecommunications in 1980 and started production of a cellular phone in 1986.Box 3, Technology transfer through hiring One of the ways Samsung has overcome its lack o f technical capabilities has been through recruiting top level engineers from world leading competitors. In earlyish days, Samsung focused on recruiting Korean engineers work at foreign companies. Hwang Chang-gyu, a fountain president of Samsung Electronics, was recruited from Intel, and Chin Daeje. another former president, worked at IBMs Watson look for Center forward being hire by Samsung, to urinate just a few.These people have significantly contributed to the transformation of Samsung from a me-too memory producer to the world leader by bringing cut of meatting-edge technical knowledge and managerial skills. Samsung also hired foreigners in order to fill the gap it identifies to upgrade its technical capabilities. It is widely known that Shigeo Fukuda, who was hired from Kyocera, played a diminutive occasion in the Samsungs new initiative in 1993 known as New Management. It is believed that his critical comments on Samsung during the 1980s tuged the company to enha nce its product development processes and design capabilities.to a greater extent recently hiring has become more and more various(a) from all over the world including David motionless (US), David Henri (France). Roman Sepeda (US). Nelson Allen US). Hao In (China), and Tung Wang (China). OECD JOURNAI. GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -1995-282 O OECD 2008 144-CASE STUDY 2 Transformation into a orbiculate company 1993 and onwards several(prenominal) changes in the business environment approach Samsung in tbe early 1990s. First, lower trade barriers and transportation costs and enhanced ICT from the latter(prenominal) 1980s and the 1990s resulted in greater fragmentation of the ICT industry.In the late 1980s, Japanese producers rapidly increased overseas production in response to increased competition from Korean competitors and the rapid appreciation of the yen, which led to greater competition at the lower end of the market. Secondly, Koreas domestic electronics market whi ch had long been protected from foreign competition was in stages liberalised as Korea prepared to join the ranks of industrial nations. In 1989. import quotas on consumer electronics were removed. By 1993 there was a plan to cut the average tariff rate at a lower place 10% for all imported electronics goods.The come up of items subject to the import diversification computer program wbich shielded the Korean market from Japanese competitors was steadily decreased with a muniment put in place for abolishment in 1999. Thirdly, on the export side, the generalize system of preferences privileges were withdrawn from Korean electronics goods by the US and EC in 1988. The win also started to appreciate against the dollar making exports from Korea less attractive. The above changes in the business environment led to a strong initiative headed by the Chairman Kun-Hee-Lee in 1993 lo become a truly international company. Under this new initiative, Samsung began its transformation fr om a successful company to one of the global leaders in the industry. There was a renewed emphasis placed on quality, and several new products were subsequently introduced such as the TFT-LCD and CDMA mobile handsets. The Asian pecuniary crisis presented a further challenge as the domestic market plunged, and Samsung had to undergo a fundamental restructuring of its activities, exiting from numerous businesses, press clipping 30% of its workforce and cutting its debt-toequity ratio from terzetto hundred% to 30%.However, the Asian crisis also presented an chance for Samsung to consolidate its domestic market as competitors weakened their positions, bandage shifting more of its resources to the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and mobile phone businesses which has allowed it to diversify its revenues. The growth has been particularly strong in the CDMA mobile handset market, where Samsung has leapt from almost a negligible percent in the global market to routine one in CDMA pbones with a partake of about 30%, and figure two in the global market boilersuit bebind Nokia.Below we focus on iii main strategic responses of Samsung greater emphasis on technology, global productions and sourcing, and international sales and distribution. Greater focus on technology (globalisation of R&D and strategic alliances) Samsungs RD expenditure in Korea bas continuously increased both in terms of amount and as a percentage of sales, on average 18% annually from 2002 to 2006, and now approaches 10% of entirety sales (Figure 21). Tbe proportion of R&D staff has jumped from 16% in 1997 to 24% in 2006, and the company plans to push it up to 32% by 2010.The enactment of scientists and engineers at various query centres in Korea has increased by 70% since 2001. Table 23 indicates how Samsung has aggressively recruited scientists and engineers with graduate degrees tbe number of Ph. D. s is up by 50% and the number of Masters degree holders has been more tban manifold. Samsung bas also changed its patenting activities since the early 1990s (Table 24). While Samsung only bad 1 704 patents for applications made in front 1994, it was granted over 2 600 patents for applications made in the three yeai- period 1994-1996, and has consistently been granted over 1 000 patents since then. * This shows how Samsung has OECD JOURNAL GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -IWS-2821 OECD 200s CASESTUDY2-145 become aggressive in the application of patents in the unite States as part of its technology strategy. Figure 21. Samsung Electronics R&D expenditures 12. 00* 10,00% 0. 00% 2002 2UU3 2001 2005 2006 Table 23. Nunfiber of scientist and engineers in Samsung search laboratories Period Ph. D. Masters Bachelor radical 2001-02 2003-04 2005-06 1 039 873 1 537 2 980 3 453 8 320 6 038 6815 7 363 10 057 11 141 17 220 Table 24.Number of Samsung patents in the United States 1 Patents by course of instruction of grant Patents by application year Patents by year of grant cont. ) Patents by application year (cont. ) Pre-1994 850 1 704 2001 1 446 1 550 1994 412 498 2002 1 328 1 804 1995 423 656 2003 1 313 2412 1996 485 1 532 2004 1 604 2 005 1997 584 1 613 2005 1 641 890 1998 1 305 1 845 2006 2 451 216 1999 1 542 1470 2007 2 723 13 2000 1 437 1 336 Total 19 544 19 544 obtain Based on US Patent and Trademark Office (2007). Samsungs efforts to assure its inquiry capabilities have not been limited to Korea.In order to improve responsiveness to the topical anaesthetic demand conditions and tap into the share of cutting edge scientists and engineers, the company established R&D centres in various paits of the worid (Table 24). Samsung started by setting up Samsung Information Systems the States (SISA) in atomic number 14 Valley in 1988, followed by Samsung Electronics search Institute in capital of the United Kingdom in 1991. These two research facilities are normal examples of R&D facilities set up to monitor abroad as is the case with the Dallas and OECD JOURNAL GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -1995-2821 O CffiCD 2008 146-CASESTUDY2Yokohama facilities in 1997. More interestingly, the company has rapidly expanded its global network of research centres with the objective of utilising the foreign pool of research talent starting with Russia (1993), India (1996) and the three recently added research centres in China focusing on semiconductor, mobile telecommunications, and electronics. Samsung has also seriously increased the size and capabilities of the foreign research centres its research centre in Moscow had only one Ph. D. and seven Masters in 2001 and now has ten Ph. D. s and 29 Masters its Bangalore package facility had no Ph.D. , 17 Masters, and 37 Bachelors in 2001 and now hires four Ph. D. s, 179 Masters, and 164 Bachelors. Table 25. Samsung RD facilities explore centre Samsung Information Systems the States Samsung Electronics Research Institute Moscow Samsung Research Centre Samsung Electronic s India Software Operations Dallas Telecom Laboratory Samsung Telecom Research Israel Samsung Yokohama Research Institute Beijing Samsung Telecommunication Samsung semiconductor China RD Samsung Electronics China RD Location San Jose London Moscow Bangalore Dallas Yakum Yokohama Beijing Suzhou NanjingEstablished 1988 1991 1993 1996 1997 1997 1997 2000 2003 2004 spirit tasks Strategic parts and components, core technologies wide awake phones and digital TV software Optics, software algorithms and other new technologies System software for digital products, protocols for wired/wireless networks and handsets coterminous generation telecommunications systems Hebrew software for mobile phones Core next-generation parts and components, digital technologies brisk telecommunications standardization and commercialization for China Semiconductor packages and solutions Software, digital TVs and MP3 histrions for ChinWhile, Samsung had already begun to use strategic alliances especially f or acquiring technologies, the increasing RD capabilities of Samsung is allowing it to benefit from strategic alliances in developing new cutting edge technologies (Table 26). Because there is an increasing overlap of technologies, for example between telecommunications and broadcasting, mobile phones and ad hominem computers, telecommunication equipment and household appliances, it is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive to conduct the research and development necessary to cover all technology areas in one company.Samsung, therefore, has been using its technology base to conduct strategic alliances to build new strategic capabilities. OECD JOURNAL GEKERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -1993-2821 O OECD 2130 i Partners Table 26. Date Selection of recent strategic alliances Areas of cooperation CASE STUDY 2 -Ul Nokia April 2007 Limo Alcatel Sony (S-LCD) IBM Intel & Microsoft Discovery Salvarani sunbathe Microsystems VDL Charter Bang & Olufsen Kent State University Qual comm Toshiba (TSST) Sony (S-LCD) IBM Dell Hewlett-Packard Disney Napster Sony NEC Matsushita Microsoft January 2007October 2006 July 2006 jar against 2006 March 2006 family 2005 July 2005 July 2005 February 2005 January 2005 November 2004 October 2004 July 2004 April 2004 Maroh 2004 March 2004 January 2004 September 2003 September 2003 September 2003 August 2003 July 2003 January 2003 November 2001 Co-develop technology for handsets and DVB-H normalization solutions Establish a joint venture for developing a Linux platform (SAMSUNG Electronics, Vodafone. DoCoMo, Motorola and NEC) cooperate on satellite DVB-H Jointly invest in 8th-generation LCD line (2200mm x 2500mm motherglass)Co-develop and market technologies for industrial printer solutions Co-develop UMPCs join on high-definition contents Co-develop new built in products combining household electronics and article of furniture Cooperation in solution business and next-generation business computing systems Cooperate in commer cialisation of terrestrial DMB Co-develop cable broadcasting receiving system and set-tcp box for digital TV safe Duplex service Partner in home theatre business Co-develop vaunt technologies Cooperation in MDDI (Mobile Display Data Interface) technology Develop and market optical transshipment center devicesEstablish joint venture for seventh generation LCD (1870 x 2200 mm) line Co-develop nano-logic process technologies Supply multi-functional laser printers cover technology for ink-jet printers Supply impression Beam set-top box for VOD Co-develop and market SAMSUNG-Napster player Expand and consolidate memory appease business Cooperate in high-end business computer systems Standardise technology, co-produce and jointly market DVD recorders Co-develop digital household electronics descent Based on Samsung homepage. OECD JOURNAL GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 20U8/4 ISSN -1995-2821 O OECD 2008 148-CASE STUDY 2Globalisation of the production network and global sourcing Samsung Elec tronics began to build its global production network in the early 1980s when it established its first manufacturing facilities in the U. S. and Portugal. It went on to establish a ancillary in the UK (1987). Mexico (1988) and Thailand in 1988. Since then, the company has continued to expand the network by adding new countries to the network as well as setting up new facilities in countries where it has already established its production facility. In 1989. Samsung further set up production subsidiaries in Spain, China. Hungary and Turkey.Table 27 lists the countries where the company has its production facilities and illustrates that the company has been selectively expanding its global production network. Table 28 shows how overseas production is gradually increasing in recent years reaching 35. 9% in 2007. It should be noted that while this figure is a measurable increase from the levels in tbe early 1990s, it remains well smaller than comparable figures for Japanese electronics companies which exceeded 70% as of the early 1990s (Table 8). The major products manufactured in overseas facilities are consumer electronics products such as TVs.VCRs, refrigerators, and microwave ovens. The companys Mexican production subsidiaries produce flat-screen TVs and LCD TVs and export them to the US and other Latin the Statesn countries. As Mexico is a member of NAFTA, Samsungs exports to the U. S. from Mexican plants are exempt of import tariffs. Samsung Electronics Hungarian Co. Ltd.. established in 1989, produces 3. 2 million TVs annually and exports them to Western and vitamin Eern Europe, and Central Asia. Recently, Samsung announced to increase its production capacity of the mobile phone manufacturing plant in Haryana, India from one million to three million units per year.In addition to the importance of the local market, India is considered as a strategic substitute to China to hedge tbe uncertainty from relying heavily on Chinese operations. In the semicond uctor sector, Samsung pursues a triad strategy Giheung multifactorial in Korea as the R&D and frontier semiconductor manufacturing hub. the American facilities in Austin. Texas as strategic manufacturing hub for the Americas, and the Suzbou intricate in China as the global testing and packaging hub. Table 27. Samsung electronics global production network* Korea wedlock America Asia Pacific Europe South America substance East and Africa CIS 2000 Six Facilities Mexico, U. S. China(7), India, lndonesia(2), Maiaysia(2), Thaiiand, Vietnam Hungary, Spain, U. K. brazil None Uzbekistan 2006 Eight Facilities Canada, Mexico(2, U. S. Ctir)a(13). india(2). Indonesia, Malaysia(2), Philippines, Thaiiand, Vietnam Hungary, Slovaiiia None None None The number in parentheses is tlie number ol subsidiaries in the country Countries in italics are those newly added to the list between 2000 and 2006. witness Samsung Electronics website (www. amsung. com/us). OECD JOURNAL GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -I9I5-282I O OECD 2008 CASE STUDY 2 1 4 9 Table 28. Samsung production network (KRW million) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total Domestic production oversea production 64 817 456 100% 43 582 016 67. 2% 21 235 440 32. 8% 81 57 24 963 009 100% 632 359 70. 3% 330 650 29. 7% 80 629 510 100% 57 457 670 71. 3% 23 171 840 28. 7% 85 58 26 834604 100% 972 765 68. 7% 861 839 31. 3% 98 507 817 100% 63 one hundred seventy-five 968 64. 1% 35 331 849 35. 9% Source Korean Government. International sales and distributionSamsungs initial expansion of international sales was through Samsung Corporation, the group affiliate tangled in general overseas trading in the early 1970s. While this whitethorn have aided Samsung initially, it blocked Samsung Electronics further expansion and in 1978, Samsung established its own sales affiliate in the United States for the first time. Since then, Samsung Electronics has continuously expanded its sales and distribution network around the world (Table 2 9). In 2000, the company had a network of 32 sales organizations in 23 countries and its primary emphasis was on North American and European markets.However, the company doubled its sales subsidiaries to 60 in 48 countries over six years, and it is now compensable more attention to emerging markets, including Asia Pacific. Middle East, Africa. CIS, and South America. According to Samsung Electronics homepage as of 2008, Samsung had a total of 53 sales subsidiaries and branch ofllces in 36 countries. Samsung has achieved over three quarters of its sales overseas in recent years (Table 30). Table 29. Samsung electronics global network of sales subsidiaries* 2000 2006 North America Canada, Mexico, United States (6) Canada, Mexico, United States (4) Asia PacificEurope South America Middle East and Africa CIS Australia, Hong Kong. India, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan France, Germany2), Italy, Poland, Portugai, Sweden, The Netherlands(2), U. K. (2) Argentina, Colombia, Panama So uth Africa, U. A. E. Russia Australia, China(6). Hong Kong. lndia(2). Indonesia. Japan. Malaysia. Pakistan. Philippines, Singapore. Taiwan, Thailand. Vietnam Austria, France, Germany(2), Greece, Hungary. Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Netherlands. U. K. (2 Argentina, Brazil. Chile, Colombia, Panama, Peru Algeria. Iran.Jordan, Kenya. Morocco. Nigeria. Saudi-Arabian Arabia. South Africa. Tunisia. Turkey. U. A. E. Kazakhstan. Russia. Ukraine. Uzbekistan The number in parentheses is the number of subsidiaries in the country COUNTRIES in italics are those newly added to the list between 2000 and 2006. Source Samsung Eiectronics website (www. samsung. com/us). UKCD JOURNAL GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -1W5-2S2I OECD 2008 150-CASE STUDY 2 Table 30. Samsung sates network 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Domestic sales Overseas sales % of overseas sales to total Source Korean Government