Counselling Theory Essay

In this essay I will describe key elements of Psychodynamic theory, Person-Centred theory and Cognitive-Behavioural theory. I will also identify the key differences between the above theories. I shall also describe how counselling theory underpins the use of counselling skills in practise. I will then end with my conclusion.Key Elements of Psychodynamic TheoryDr Sigmud Freud (1856-1939), is the founder of the psychodynamic approach. Dr Sigmud Freud believed that childhood experiences and unconscious thoughts had an effect on people’s behaviour. Psychodynamic counselling refers to the inner most deepest unconscious traumas and conflicts of the person’s mind. According to Jacobs, 2010, p.4â€Å"Psychodynamic counselling has more variations then many people realise.† Psychodynamic counselling was developed from psychoanalytic theory. Its main purpose is the client’s self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behaviour. As a way o f freud understanding people’s thoughts and motivations he introduced the idea of distinct psychosexual stages. The psychosexual stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital.Dr Sidmud Freud saw human behaviour as a result of give and take between three parts of the psyche (personality). The three parts are the id which is pleasure, too much of everything and instance gratification. The ego is the sensible side of us and try’s to find ways of satisfying the id in a way that the super ego will agree with, and that is also in line with reality. The super ego is the moral part of the psyche; its punitive comes from our parents, teachers and society. It uses anxiety and guilt to prevent us from acting on the id’s impulses. According to Jacobs, 2010, p.8â€Å"Freud used the terms Id, Ego and Super-ego to illustrate his ‘map’ of the internal relations within the psyche.† In the psychodynamic approach clients are encouraged to ‘transferà ¢â‚¬â„¢ feelings they have toward important figures they have in their lives. Onto what they call the analyst in a process called ‘transference’. Success of this approach often depends on both the counsellor and client and how well they work together.1.2 Describe key elements of person centred theoryCarl Ranson Rodgers (1902-1987), was the founder of the humanistic approach. Most counselling courses use Rodgers as their bases. The core conditions are the frame work of Rodger’s work. The first key element of person centred counselling is empathy. Empathy means to understand and share the feelings of another. According to Mearns and Thorne, 2007, p.64â€Å"A state of profound contact and engagement between two people, in which each person is fully real with the other, and able to understand and value the other’s experiences at a high level†. The second key element of person centred counselling is congruence. Congruence means to be genuine and transpar ent for the counsellor to be themselves within a counselling relationship without putting up fronts that prevent them revealing their true self.The third key element of person centred counselling is unconditional positive regard, including prizing. This means the counsellor accepts the clients unconditionally and non-judgementally. Within the frame work of the person centred approach to counselling, the client is given the knowledge of the power and tools they already possess to take responsibility for their own lives and health. Great emphasis is placed upon the importance of the relationship between the counsellor and the client and firmly disregards the concept of the counsellor as an expert who knows all the answers to the client’s issues in life. Carl Rodgers has taught us that given the right conditions, anyone and everyone are more than capable of fulfilling their true potential, this is called self-actualising. According to Mearns and Thorne, 2007, p.49â€Å"Empathy should not be confused with sympathy.†1.3 Describe key elements of cognitive-behavioural theoryAaron Temkin Beck, M.D (1921-present), developed his approach called cognitive therapy in the 1960’s. Cognitive-behavioural theory (CBT) is a kind of psychotherapeutic treatment that enables patients to comprehend the thoughts and feelings that control their behaviours. Cognitive-behavioural therapy is more frequently used to treat an extensive range of disorders such as depression and anxiety. Cognitive-behavioural therapy is widely short-term and concentrates on enabling clients to deal with very particular problems.Often six weeks to six months sessions of course depending upon the problem it is pacifically goal directed and places great weight upon self-help as a long term coping tool that the client can take away with them and successfully use. Cognitive-behavioural therapy believes that clients can learn the wrong ways of developing and making sense of information during their cognitive development. This can often lead to distortions in the way they identify reality, it’s the job of the therapist to enable them to work this out. According to Dryden, 2007, p.299â€Å"Cognitive therapy first came to the attention of British psychologists and psychiatrists through the pioneering work of the British researchers who sought to evaluate the efficacy of Beck’s treatment for depression.† Cognitive-behavioural theory can be used on a one to one basis or in a group setting. It is said that in order for cognitive-behavioural therapy to be effective, the client needs to be ready and willing to devote time and effort analysing their thoughts and feelings.1.4 Identify the key differences between the above theoriesCognitive-behavioural theory’s main purpose is on the awareness cause for negative behaviours has and transforming them through a course of self-help. This treatment is a brief course. Person-centred theory observes that becau se the clients had not been given the opportunity to experience the right conditions during development to be able to self-actualise, the clients problem branch from this.The person-centred counsellor endeavours to recreate these core conditions within a safe therapeutic relationship. This type of therapy usually lasts for a few years. One huge difference between humanistic counsellors and other therapist is that they refer to those in therapy as â€Å"clients† not patients. Psychodynamic theory is based on  the concept of the relationship between the three different fabrics of the psyche â€Å"personality†, psychodynamic therapy is long term. It draws attention to the unconscious and seeks to advance the clients conscious power over their lives.The three theories have their differences for instances cognitive-behavioural therapy is a short-term therapy is usually given to clients free on the NHS and is one of the cheapest hence the reason the NHS provide it. Person- centred therapy is in the middle it cost a lot more then cognitive-behavioural therapy and the timescale for the therapy is considerably longer. Psychodynamic therapy takes a number of years and is the most expensive of the three. According to Dryden, 2010, p.78â€Å"The therapist is confined to listening and interpreting the material brought by the client.†2.1 How counselling theory underpins counselling skillsThe backbone of counselling theory is developing a good rapport with your client. Theory gives the counsellor the professional frame work, guidance and knowledge to be able to enable their clients. This in turn gives the client the reassurance and confidence to build an effective therapeutic relationship (working alliance) with their counsellor. It ensures that a professional frame work is in place to enable the client the freedom to explore very traumatic and disturbing experiences ethically and safely. When a counsellor has a good understanding of the theory they can better provide the therapy their client deserves.They can understand their clients and their experiences comprehend why a client may behave in a certain way or feel the way they do. Having this knowledge better helps the counsellor to know what direction they should take with the material provided by the client. The task of undergoing counselling training teaches a counsellor extensive but vital significant skills for instances by using unconditional positive regard (U.P.R), you are accepting the client for who they are no matter what they may have done or said in their lives. Accepting the client as they are good and bad traits. This is exercised by the counsellor to enable the client to establish self-regard, self-worth. Also part of the counsellors frame work is it is absolutely compulsory to take their material from their session to their supervisor.The supervisor will enable the  counsellor to gain a better understanding and knowledge of their sessions and also work through any transference the counsellor maybe experiencing. Also the supervisor ensures the counsellor is able to counsel as of course the counsellor is human and maybe experiencing difficulties in their personal lives. The supervisor will ask about the theory used following the questions used at this point the counsellor is able to reflect upon their skills and theory. A counsellor will be able to understand what they are doing and able to explain their methods if they have a good concept of theory. According to Dryden, 2010, p.530â€Å"Theory and techniques specific to the therapy approach being learned. In most types of training this is a major component but, as has been proposed, the well-educated therapist needs to consider the range of approaches.†ConclusionIn my essay I have considered the three different theories. There are vital differences between the three theories but equally there are also comparability’s. The main frame work of all the theories are to enable peop le to change so they can understand and appreciate themselves and ultimately have power over their lives, behaviours, feeling and attitudes in all the therapies it is said that this can be accomplished through talking and self-analysing.Through writing this essay I have learnt that I would like a mix of the person-centred and psychodynamic therapy. All three theories have their worth and value and I found it fascinating learning about them more intensely. While most people would say that the issues such as finance and time would be a factor, I believe one of the main issues would also be the willingness of the client for change and self-growth.

Broken glass †research Essay

Margaret Hyman- Harry Hymans wife, â€Å"fair, lusty and energetic†, informative, nosey. She is friendly, likes laughing a complete opposite to Gellburg- it makes him uncomfortable Phillip Gelburg- â€Å"slender intense man in his late forties†, patient, secretive, dislikes social situations, unsympathetic The theme of Gellburgs wife’s illness is introduced, and Gellburg indicates he is perhaps either irritated by wife’s condition or the presence of Margaret – uses short brief answers. Gellburg is going to visit Dr Hyman office to receive some results on the test his wife had – she is paralysed and showing no signs of illness at all. A little background history about the Hymans is given. Reference to places in Brooklyn made –â€Å"ocean Parkway†. Opening of scene two from p3 to Gellburg I see p5. Margaret Hyman Dr Hyman-â€Å"early fifties†, an inquisitive, factual man â€Å"more people die or rat bite you know†, idolises women/wife. Slow thinker Gellburg- he is impressed by Hyman, however some uncertainty towards him is clear A very slight introduction to the theme of Gellburg and Sylvia’s relationship, suggest that’s its perhaps cold â€Å"oh†¦ I never thought of it†¦ † he’s almost unfamiliar with his own wife. Sylvia’s illness is mentioned again – appears to be coping. Audience is introduced to Dr Hyman, Sylvia’s doctor who is investigating her sudden paralysis. Sylvia appears to be coping well, something which Hyman admires. Dr Hyman has the results from Dr Sherman’s tests on Sylvia. Reference to the typicality of the time – a doctor smoking indoors, un fazed by the claimed causes of smoking. p5 Hyman I find this Adolph Hitler†¦ to p6 Gellburg Listen, I sympathise†¦ Hyman – Educated in Germany, and shows great sympathy towards the Jews being punished over there, he can’t understand the brutality. Gellburg – suggests he has a short temper and that is almost ashamed of being a Jew, he’s not very sympathetic of the Jews in Germany – he’s very independent. Theme of Sylvia and Gellburgs relationship with one another is touched on – Hyman presents this idea that Sylvia is scared of Philip. The theme of anti-Semitism and Gellburg’s own personal beliefs and his resentment of being Jewish is shown. Also Sylvia’s NAZI fear suggested – it’s almost an obsession of hers. While Hyman is trying to find the answer within the results, he talks to Gellburg firstly about the Soldiers in Berlin smashing Jewish homes/stores etc, and Sylvia’s concern over it. Gellburg expresses his thoughts on the German Jews, â€Å"I know but they’re supposed to be refugees†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he has a negative attitude towards them – Hyman particularly agree. Contextual reference to the Nazis pogroms—state sanctioned, anti-Jewish riots—against the Jewish community of Germany. It was known as â€Å"Kristallnacht†, or â€Å"night of the broken glass†. Many Jewish homes, businesses, schools, hospitals and synagogues were destroyed. It can be seen as the first step in anti-Semitism. Also contextual reference to the stigma and accusations attached to the Jews in the 1930’s. p7 Hyman (cutting him of)†¦ to p9 Gellburg That’s the way I am†¦ Hyman – shows more intrigue in Gellburgs relationship, he reasons behind his questions are not yet revealed but cause audience interest. He isn’t sure of how/what is causing the hysteria. Gellburg – he is shown to be a very forward and assertive man; he likes to know the facts He is difficult to talk to. Gellburg becomes â€Å"tense† and â€Å"flushed† by the mention of his marital relationship. Gellburg is proud of his wife, however the tension and the fact they only â€Å"get on very well† suggests some issues. Sylvia’s paralysis is hysterical, in relation to â€Å"people who are anxious enough or really frightened can imagine they’ve gone blind or deaf† – Gellburg is finding it difficult to understand. Sylvia and Gellburgs relationship is discussed – Gellburg speaks very highly of Sylvia but Hyman senses some tension around the discussion of their relationship. Dr Hyman believes that Sylvia’s paralysis is hysterical and psychological, however he is unsure what is causing it. Gellburg questions Sylvia’s mental stability. p9 Hyman You’re in†¦ to p10 slight pause Hyman- he is against the â€Å"psychiatry rigmarole†. He likes get ‘stuck in’ with work- likes to get straight to the point. Gellburg –He is proud of his profession. He is embarrassed about talking about his sexual relationship with his wife. He shows his disapproval of the actions in Germany/Judaism. Again the theme of relationship. Sylvia and Gellburg have relations â€Å"twice, three times a week† Theme of the situation in Germany and how it’s in the papers across the world. Also the theme of Sylvia’s paralysis. It’s revealed Gellburg is â€Å"the head of Mortgage Department of Brooklyn Guarantee and Trust. † Hyman plans to treat Sylvia in his own way. The sexual relationship of Gellburg and Sylvia is queried as Hyman believes sex is linked to the paralysis – Gellburg claims to have relations â€Å"twice, three times a week†. Gellburg believes it is the pictures of the anti-sematic actions in Germany in the papers is what has caused the hysteria –â€Å"she scares herself to death with them† Contextual link to Anti- Semitism occurred in America as well despite the Jewish community being greater than the Christian community. There we no laws passed against the Jews to prevent them from doing things – it was personal prejudice. Also , contextual link to the pogroms in Germany p10 slight pause to p13 Hyman I don’t know†¦ Gellburg – He becomes very emotional when describing the fall.. However he then becomes doubtful of his own wife. He denounces other Jews for not succeeding as he has done. His lack of humour, his brutish, snappy impatience, and paranoiac intensity make him dislikeable to the audience. Hyman- is becoming more inquisitive, he likes to know about people, what they do etc. The theme of work plays a part, Gellburg is very proud with the position he is in –â€Å"I’m the only Jew ever worked for Brooklyn Guarantee in their whole history. † Although a contradiction, the theme of Gellburgs Judaism. The theme of Sylvia’s illness – the emotional side it (how she’s reacting, it’s also suggested she is almost faking the paralysis) Gellburg recalls the night Sylvia collapsed and became paralysed – â€Å"her legs turned to butter. I couldn’t stand her up. Kept falling around like a rag doll†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Gellburg explains his work, and expresses his pride of being â€Å"the only Jew ever worked for Brooklyn Guarantee in their whole history. † Hyman suggests that Sylvia is subconsciously scared causing her paralysis. Gellburg however questions whether or not his wife is â€Å"doing it against me†. Context reference to the American economy In the 1930’s. In 1928 the wall street crash left America in a great depression due to the crash in the stock market. p13 Gellburg (stares for a long moment†¦) to p14 Gellburg turns and goes†¦ Hyman-clearly a man of science does not believe in possessions or â€Å"dybbuk†. Gellburg- he comes across as uneasy, â€Å"deeply disturbed†, he has a short temper, and he’s quick to assume â€Å"you’re not blaming this on me, are you? †. We also learn his is perhaps old morale as his â€Å"parents were from the old country† Theme of relationship- Hyman believes that â€Å"a lot of loving† is needed to help Sylvia and her Paralysis (another theme). Unsure of what to make of the results of his wife’s tests, he even questions whether she has been possessed. Hyman wants to treat Sylvia â€Å"unconventionally†. Gellburg leaves. In Jewish folklore, a dybbuk is a malicious possessing spirit, believed to be the dislocated soul of a dead person. p14 Margaret That’s one miserable pisser†¦ to end of scene. Margaret- likes to be romanced by Hyman. Very concerning over her husband. A good judgment of character. Hyman- Determined man â€Å"full enthusiasm† regarding the mystery surrounding the illness. He likes to romance women. He has a good heart- likes to help even though he’s doubtful he can Gellburg –Highly controlling man, â€Å"He’s a dictator†, and â€Å"miserable†. Sylvia’s illness: Hyman isn’t sure how to treat her, and promises his wife that if it becomes too much that he will refer her. Margaret comments of Gellburgs character â€Å"That’s one miserable pisser†, and that â€Å"he’s a dictator†. Hyman is doubtful of his ability to treat Sylvia; however he is determined to continue due to sheer fascination. The scene ends on a empty promise to refer Sylvia to another doctor if its becomes too serious and Hyman and Margaret become intimate. Reference to American culture/cinema at the time – â€Å"at the Beverly they’ve got Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire. Jimmy Cagney’s at the Rialto but it’s another gangster story. † Scene Two p15 Next evening to p18 Sylvia Yes. Sylvia- â€Å"She is mid-forties, a buxom, capable, and warm woman. † She is a sensitive woman, and doesn’t like to be a burden on anyone. Is she attracted to Hyman? Harriet- is Sylvia’s younger sister, she isn’t as intelligent as her sister, and she doesn’t understand Sylvia’s reasoning. The theme of Sylvia’s illness, she can feel something â€Å"†¦but inside not on the skin. (Looks at legs. ) I can harden the muscles but I can’t lift them. (Strokes her thighs. ) I seem to have an ache. Not only here but†¦ (She runs her hands down her trunk. ) My whole body seems†¦ I can’t describe it. It’s like I was just born and I†¦ didn’t want to come out yet. Like a deep, terrible aching†¦Ã¢â‚¬ suggests perhaps her paralysis is emotional? Theme of Nazi Germany: it angers Sylvia, the poor Jewish men remind her of her grandfather- it disturbs her. Sylvia’s sister Harriet is visiting her, to run some errands for Sylvia – she is â€Å"pale† and Harriet questions whether she has been eating and Sylvia’s fascination with newspapers. Harriet is doubtful of Hyman. Sylvia explains her illness into more depth, and how/why the newspapers are distressing her – the old men scrubbing the flood remind her of her grandfather, she sympathises with them. In November 1938, a Nazi ‘diplomat’ was shot dead by a Jew in Paris. Hitler ordered a seven day campaign of terror against the Jews in Germany to be organised by Himmler and the SS. On the 10th November, the campaign started. 10,000 shops owned by Jews were destroyed and their contents stolen. Homes and synagogues were set on fire and left to burn. A huge amount of damage was done to Jewish property but the Jewish community was ordered to pay a one billion mark fine to pay for the eventual clear-up. Jews were forced to scrub the streets clean. p18 Sylvia returns to p 20 Gellburg It’s only a colour†¦ Gellburg – he has a Stern, harsh and forbidding presence. He is only proud of being Jewish when there is reason to be proud (i. e. only Jew in the army) Sylvia – a very emotional, concerned woman and has a slightly reserved attitude towards Gellburg. Sylvia’s paralysis: she feels like she is a burden on Gellburg- being overly apologetic, something which causes annoyance to Gellburg and strain to their â€Å"relationship†. (another theme) Gellburg arrives home, he has a letter from the General of his son Jerome rank – Jerome has been given the honour of giving a lecture on artillery in Fort Still. Gellburg is overwhelmed with pride, as Jerome could be the first Jewish general in the US army. Sylvia is resentful – she is concerned about his welfare. Sylvia keeps apologising for her burden she feels she is putting on Gellburg. Gellburg reveals he saw Hyman last night, and that he wants to change. He wants to teach Sylvia to drive. Slight link to the stigma’s that were attached to being Jewish –â€Å" I wanted to see that a Jew doesn’t have to be a Lawyer or a Doctor or a businessman. † p21 Sylvia Tell me†¦ to p24 end of the scene. Sylvia- she is unhappy in her relationship – she only stayed for â€Å"her mother†, â€Å"for Jerome†. She also regrets marriage. Her illness takes its toll; she is frightened by the mystery surrounding it. Gellburg: he is also very miserable, impotent and hasn’t had relations with his wife for years. Only out of fear he stayed in the relationship. Sylvia and Philips relationship/marriage: they haven’t been a couple in years- Gellburg resents marriage it is clear they are merely just living together- not married. Philips incompetence has put a strain on their relationship – perhaps even Sylvia’s health? Is she frightened by him? Sylvia’s illness: remains unchanged, when Philip eggs her on to walking heated discussion she falls to the ground. Gellburg explains that Dr Hyman believes that her paralysis is psychological, and caused by fear- fear, which Gellburg believes, is due to the newspapers. Sylvia believes â€Å"it’s ridiculous. I can’t move my legs from reading a newspaper? † When Gellburg attempts to comfort her, she believes she’s dying, that there is no hope. Phillip tries to change their relationship but Sylvia believes â€Å"it’s too late for that†¦ It hasn’t happened in years†- Philip is impotence. Philip regrets marriage – they haven’t had a relationship for years. He eggs her to try and walk but she collapses on the floor. In November 1938, a Nazi ‘diplomat’ was shot dead by a Jew in Paris. Hitler ordered a seven day campaign of terror against the Jews in Germany to be organised by Himmler and the SS. On the 10th November, the campaign started. 10,000 shops owned by Jews were destroyed and their contents stolen. Homes and synagogues were set on fire and left to burn. A huge amount of damage was done to Jewish property but the Jewish community was ordered to pay a one billion mark fine to pay for the eventual clear-up. Jews were forced to scrub the streets clean. Characters Key themes Plot development Reference to context. Scene Three p24 Opening of sceneDr Hyman’s office†¦ to p25 Hyman Yes. But in a way†¦ Harriet –adores Hyman and the work he had done for her cousin. She is attentive, nosey, almost a gossip although she has reservations of whether to tell Hyman anything. Hyman – he adore female attention. He is mystified, confused by Sylvia’s paralysis, he is interested in finding out about Phillip and Sylvia’s relationship The events in Germany are mentions in reference to the paper Sylvia has obsession with. Harriet goes to see Dr Hyman – he explains how physiologically, her numbness doesn’t make sense. Hyman used to treat Harriet’s cousin, Roslyn Fein who had a crush on him. Since the collapse, Sylvia acts like â€Å"this is how she wants to be†, and that’s its only â€Å"last couple of weeks† she has had the fascination with Germany despite it â€Å"being across the ocean†. Reference made again to the NAZI and actions taken against Jews in Germany. (mentioned in previous context) p25 Hyman Yes. But in a way†¦ to p27Something darkens Harriet’s expression†¦ Harriet- Doesn’t withhold on her opinions, which are suggested as general ones of everybody. Hyman – he is piecing together and trying to work out who Phillip is, what he’s like, is it’s something to do with Sylvia’s paralysis? He is shocked by how Philip has treated Sylvia. Harriet discusses Gellburg and Sylvia’s relationship ? she explains Phillips brash side and how he took is anger out on Sylvia by hitting her with a steak. Their relationship isn’t stable. Gellburgs hatred of himself being a Jew and his awareness of anti-Semitism is picked up. Hyman asks questions about Philips personality and his relationship with Sylvia. Harriet regards him as a â€Å"prune†, lies about him being â€Å"sweet† and discloses how no one like to be around him ,especially with opinions that go against his â€Å"republican† thoughts. â€Å"I don’t understand him and I never will. † Harriet reveals when Philip and Sylvia came close to separation when â€Å"he hit her with a steak† because it was â€Å"overdone† –â€Å"the whole thing is very strange†. p27Something darkens Harriet’s expression†¦to the end of the scene Harriet – although haunted by the account, she feels sympathy towards Philip and her sister despite her not liking Philip very much. Philip despite everything is a good man. Hyman – is with further confusion – they’re marriage does not make sense. Again in further detail the theme of Sylvia and Phillips relationship. Despite their fights and abuse, he still adores her – something which causes great confusion amongst everyone. Harriet tells Hyman of one Christmas when Sylvia was joking about some â€Å"very French† postcards, Phillip threw her up the stairs and â€Å"screamed† at her and everyone else ? all because, it is suggested, he is impotent. However, Harriet explains that â€Å"the expression on that man’s face when he’s watching her- it could almost break your heart†¦He adore her! † Scene Four Complete scene Case –â€Å"He has great natural authority, an almost childishly naive self-assurance†, he has a lot of trust in Gellburg. However, anti-Semitism is hinted â€Å"it’s surprising for one of you people† Gellburg: admires and trusts Case, hard worker, enjoys the satisfaction of being right. The theme of Gellburgs obsession with work. It shows his emphasis for detail and how he adores praise and appreciation of all his work/findings. Gellburg stops by the office to offer advice on a property and to also boast about the progress of his son in the army. He suggest that case stay away from building 611 due to hearsay issues that Wannamaker’s- a popular business is going and that 611 is a bad building. He is thanked and offered a brandy. Anti-Semitism in America reached its peak during the interwar period. Car manufacturer Henry Ford propagated anti-Semitic ideas in his newspaper The Dearborn Independent. The radio speeches of Father Coughlin in the late 1930s attacked Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal and promoted the notion of a Jewish financial conspiracy. views were also shared by politicians; Louis T. McFadden, Chairman of the United States House Committee on Banking and Currency, blamed Jews for Roosevelt’s decision to abandon the gold standard, and claimed that â€Å"in the United States today, the Gentiles have the slips of paper while the Jews have the lawful money Scene Five p32 start of scene to p33 Sylvia Well you mustn’t get anyone†¦ Sylvia – her mood changes around Hyman, she becomes flirtatious, anticipated, when he comes closer or touches her. Hyman- he is excited by Sylvia, he repeats how â€Å"beautiful† she is and how she have â€Å"moved â€Å"him. It’s clear they have feelings for one another. Sylvia and Hymans relationship: the theme of their relationship and development of their emotions for one another plays an important role, as it shows Sylvia’s desire to be loved. Sylvia’s paralysis has no improvement despite the coaxing words of Hyman, she simply can’t move her legs. Hyman comes to visit Sylvia – he checks upon her legs; She can’t feel touch or move them. Sylvia is excited by his presence, as is Hyman by her and so feels he should refer her to another doctor as he claims he hasn’t â€Å"been moved by a woman in a very long time†. Sylvia disapproves. p33 Sylvia Well you mustn’t get anyone†¦ to p34 Hyman Are you afraid right now? Sylvia –Anxious around him Her â€Å"eyes show fear† when Philip is mentioned Hyman – revealed he had many lovers in his youth. He is vain. Cares a lot about Sylvia. Sylvia does not know the overall answer as to she is feeling the way she does, why she can’t move her legs. Relationship: When Hyman mentions Philip at random he notices fear in her eyes ? key to her paralysis? Disruption in marriage? Hyman tries to press for an answer as to what is bothering her, but she doesn’t know. Hyman feels defeated; he doesn’t know what to do. Sylvia begs for patience, and they change topic onto Hymans youth, but when Hyman mentions Philip, â€Å"Sylvia’s eyes show fear†. p34 Hyman Are you afraid right now? to p36 Sylvia Tell me about Germany. Sylvia – She enjoys reminiscing about the past (suggests that they were better times. ) She has great desire to talk to Hyman/to be loved. Hyman- also likes remembering about his past in Germany, he likes women’s attention and is suggested he find sit difficult to say no to Sylvia. Illness: She tries to avoid questions on the subject almost as though she has convinced herself she will never walk again. She likes the company of Hyman. Relationship: Sylvia resents the fact she was forced to give up work, almost as though it took her freedom. But the fact that she is seeking â€Å"love† or attention from Hyman by kissing him, suggests that her marriage is not satisfying her needs. Sylvia tells Hyman of how she met Phillip, when they married and how he forced her not got to work despite her wanting to. She enjoys talking to Hyman. Sylvia reveals that Hyman makes her feel hope full of herself – she kisses his palm and he sweeps her hair back. He resists her by staying away, he tries to encourage her to move her legs but she gives us – she just can’t move them. She asks to know about Germany (of Hymans Past). p36 Sylvia Tell me about Germany to the end of the scene. Sylvia- She is silenced by fear, she wants to talk and express things but she knows that Philip disagrees. She feels comfortable and open with Hyman, something she does normally feel. Hyman – Links back to how he believes love/sex is linked to her secret illness. He uses it to try and get her to open up (intelligent/inquisitive. ) Germany – Sylvia constantly refers back to the events in Germany. But Hymen isn’t convinced this is her only fear. Gellburgs hatred of himself being a Jew and his awareness of anti-Semitism is picked up. Hyman studied medicine in Germany because American medical school have â€Å"high quotas for Jews†. Sylvia feels great sympathy and almost empathises with the Jews in the times. No one talks about it with her, Philip only jokes about Jews. She is frightened inside. Hyman asks Sylvia to pretend they have made love and that she is telling him all her secrets. He leaves and she is left thinking. Certain universities, most notably Harvard, introduced policies which effectively placed a quota on the number of Jews admitted to the university. This reached its height in the 1920s and has now died out to the point that 28% of the Ivy League student population is Jewish Scene Six p38 Hyman’s Office to p38 Gellburg I’m kind of upset†¦ Gellburg- he’s nervous, lost weight , sighs a lot – he snaps rudely at Margret when she tries to help Margret- pry’s into the business of Gellburg, she notices changes in Gellburg. Sylvia’s illness: there are been change since Hymans last visit. Gellburg visits Hymans office. While waiting Margaret notices he has lost weight and that he is sighs a lot. There is no change in Sylvia. Gellburg snaps, he is â€Å"upset†.p38 Hyman enters†¦ to p40 Gellburg Listen†¦ Gellburg- His quick to judge nature is reflected again into the discussion – he is elf conscious about what Sylvia may or may not have said. Hyman – â€Å"the openness of this hostility mystifies Hyman who becomes apologetic† Relationship: Appears that Gellburg is attempting to fix their relationship, however Gellburg leads us to doubtfully believe it is only a recent occurrence. Gellburg confides with Hyman that he is going to have sex with Sylvia. He claims they haven’t been together â€Å"for the last two week† and â€Å"some time before that†. Hyman suggests that love is the key to her being well, as women who aren’t feeling loved is â€Å"lost†. Gellburg takes offence. Characters Key themes Plot development Reference to context p40 Gellburg Listen†¦to p41 Hyman Good! Gellburg- he is full of such anger and doubt, his reasoning is difficult to understand for Hyman, but he does trust him Hyman – He questions everything he hears. Illness: Gellburg almost uses the paralysis as an excuse for their lack of relationship, as though it is being used to defy him. Marriage: Suggests that he doesn’t trust his wife ? no trust weak marriage. Gellburg asks to be put in touch with a specialist for himself (his impotence). Hyman believes Gellburg is stressed (due to sighing). Gellburg thinks that her paralyse is being done on purpose, he’s wondering â€Å"if she gets out and walks around when I leave the house. † He is suspicious of what Sylvia and Hyman talk about, despite that he claims â€Å"I do trust you. † p41 Hyman Good! To p43 Shaken, Hyman†¦ Gellburg – He is vein liar, he will say anything to protect himself and his image. He tries to blame her paralysis on her madness because he may know that he is the reason for it. Hyman –He is out of his depth Relationship- this again suggests a very poor and weak relationship. He takes his personal weakness out on his both others and his marriage.. Gellburg confides in Hyman that he has trouble with impotence. Hyman comforts Gellburg that its nothing to worry about, and that he shouldn’t worry that she is expecting more. .Facing increasing recognition of his own impotence and weakness, he tries to hide it behind the lie that he made love to his wife, but that she then rejected him by cruelly claiming to have forgotten the experience altogether within hours of its occurrence. p43 Shaken, Hyman†¦ to p44 Gellburg I am deciding†¦ Gellburg- is angry, frustrated and physically sick of Hymans indecisiveness and by the idea that his wife is trying to destroy him. Hyman – he is out of his depth, unable to say the answer Gellburg is looking for. He is sus pious of his claim of making love with Sylvia. Relationship – It seems as though Sylvia and Gellburg don’t know each other anymore. Gellburg is so caught up in the lies that he is ruining his wife’s only happiness of seeing Hyman. Sylvia claims that Gellburg had â€Å"imagined doing it† as an act of spite and that she is trying to â€Å"destroy† him. Hyman doesn’t know what to say, in fear he is out of his depth. Gellburg is furious, storms out of the office forbidding Sylvia to be treated by Hyman again. p44 Gellburg I am deciding†¦to end of the scene Hyman- he believes anything a woman tells him. He is ambitious, has a drive to figure out the mystery Margaret- is doubtful of him ever finding an answer. She believes he is out of his depth and should referred to another doctor – for once Hyman is not taking her advice. Illness- Hyman believes something big is causing the illness, something which she is scared to admit it. Driven by this idea that Sylvia knows something key, he is full of determination to find out what it is that is making her so scared that she is paralysed. Margaret id doubtful – she simply believes she mad and that she should be referred. Scene Seven p46 start of the scene to end of the scene p48 Case – angry at the fact he has lost out on a property with potential – he blames Gellburg. Gellburg – Quick with explanation, he hates to be in a position where his work is criticized. Gellburgs obsession with work is clear because when he fails and becomes in trouble it is a great blow to him and his self-esteem. Gellburg and Case have a heated discussion, the building Case wanted which Gellburg had told him information on was false, causing friction and tension between the two. Gellburg becomes progressively ill under stress– he â€Å"is left open mouthed, one hand raised to bring back his life. † Scene Eight p49 Start of the scene to p51Hyman (forced to give up).. Sylvia – likes sharing things with Hyman, she likes to listen to. Hyman –wants to help to the best of his ability, but he is finding it a struggle, he can’t cope he needs assistance. Ill ness- â€Å"I’ve learned that your kind of symptoms come from deep within the mind. I would have to deal with your dreams to get any results, your deepest secret feelings, you understand? That is not my training. † Hyman visits Sylvia, he compliments her hair and perfume (much to Sylvia’s delight) and they discuss about their childhood. Hyman says that â€Å"I’ve learned that your kind of symptoms come from deep within the mind. I would have to deal with your dreams to get any results, your deepest secret feelings, you understand? That is not my training. † Despite this Sylvia wishes for Hyman to hear of her dream. p51Hyman (forced to give up)..to p52 Sylvia I feel like I’m losing†¦ Sylvia – her obsessions with the NAZI pogroms have become greater – she is now dreaming every night of being attacked. Hyman – is greatly concerned for the welfare of Sylvia. Germany – the events in Germany have affected her dreams, like what Hyman said â€Å"the people in the pictures seem real to her. † Her dream is in black and white of a town (just like the pictures in the paper), within it, she is being chased, and then is mounted by a man who kisses her and cuts of her breasts. She thinks its Philip but it’s not. Sylvia becomes emotional, and embraces and kisses Hyman on the mouth. Pogroms in Germany, as written in previous boxes ^ p52 Sylvia I feel like I’m losing†¦ to p54 Sylvia (with bitter irony)†¦ Sylvia- she is furious over the suggestion that she is mentally unstable and that her husband would create such a lie. Hyman Marriage ? is weak; they haven’t had relations in over 20years, unusual for a couple of their age. Key reason for their poor relationship. Hyman asks Sylvia whether they had relations the other night- she has no idea what he is talking about as they haven’t been intimate with one another for 20 years just after their son was born. Gellburg suffered from impotence since a young age and they were never able to have sex – despite them seeing a rabbi. It caused a huge strain on their marriage, they were close to divorce. p54 Sylvia (with bitter irony)†¦ to p57 Gellburg enters Sylvias – a very fearful, timid and frail women. She is driven by Hyman to attempt to walk again. Hyman –He tries leave and calm Sylvia down and keep a distance between them because he knows of Sylvia’s flirtatious intentions. Illness – she scared of psychiatry treatment because to her it would mean that she is crazy and also of what Gellburg might do he found out Hyman had come to visit. She seeks comfort from Hyman when she panics over the newspapers. (events in Germany) Hyman asks if he can bring a specialist to see her- but she is scared of psychiatry and seeks comfort and assistance from Hyman for when Gellburg returns. She is scared of what he may do, as he is in trouble with Case at work. She then begins to panic about the Germans, whom of which Hyman believes are nothing to be scared of as â€Å"it will all pass! † She panics further about it reaching the US, and what they do with the Jews. She can’t understand why they don’t runway- Hyman is flustered, out of his depth. Sylvia faints as she attempts to take a step off the bed. 10,000 shops owned by Jews were destroyed and their contents stolen. Homes and synagogues were set on fire and left to burn. A huge amount of damage was done to Jewish property but the Jewish community was ordered to pay a one billion mark fine to pay for the eventual clear-up. Jews were forced to scrub the streets clean. Holocaust (in two boxes below) p57 Gellburg enters to p58 Hyman gives Gellburg a quick†¦ Sylvia Hyman – shows a concern for Sylvia but a suggestive slight hatred towards Gellburg and the way he’s treated her. Gellburg – Concerned for Sylvia Illness ? even though she began to walk there is further improvement. They rush to her assistance. Hyman exclaims he is here because â€Å"she is desperate to be loved! † Sylvia tries to move her legs but nothing happens. p58 Hyman gives Gellburg a quick†¦ to p59 They are silent†¦ Sylvia – Gellburg doesn’t want to talk to her, he shuts her out so she kicks him out of their marital bed. Gellburg – he doesn’t understand his wife, or her thoughts. He pushes her too hard. He is greatly upset by the banning from his bed. Relationship ? they no longer sleep in the same bed – she bans him. Sylvia exclaims that she nearly walked, that it was/is Hyman who can help her walk again. Gellburg disagrees and questions her tone, and calls her â€Å"crazy†. Sylvia forbids him to sleep with her again, after he misunderstands the concept of the Jewish children being beaten. She argues at him for lying about their relations, upsetting Gellburg who weeps â€Å"you will kill me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. â€Å"Holocaust† is a word of Greek origin meaning â€Å"sacrifice by fire. † The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were â€Å"racially superior† and that the Jews, deemed â€Å"inferior,† were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. Characters Key themes Plot development Reference to context p59 They are silent†¦ to the end of the scene Sylvia- resentful of her life. Gellburg – Begrudging on everyone and everything. He always feels as though it is his fault – self pity. Anti-Feminist ?

IP 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IP 1 - Essay Example It may be just a movie but helped me settle the argument if everything around me is just an idea or predetermined but finally concluded that everything has physical existence and that nothing is predetermined. Real for me meant a tangible existence that could be verified by my senses. Since everything around me is verifiable by my senses, everything I see is real and that we have free will. There two main thoughts about the source of knowledge. One is the idea of tabula rasa that the mind is empty and it gets its knowledge from sensory experience and study. There is also another thought that posits that the mind already contains some ideas such as conscience and the predisposition to believe the existence of a Supreme Being. For me however, I am more incline to believe that knowledge is a product of study and experience more than a predetermined idea. And this knowledge is subjective. What I experience and learn may differ from other person and as a result, we will have a different kind of thinking but we may have agree on some truths such as existence of a Supreme Being, to be a moral person, to serve society, etch. Traditional thinkers hold that faith conflicts with reason. They posit that to be faithful, one must abandon reason and to be reasonable, one must not have faith. My position however is that each complements the other. Reason through science supports faith. By knowing the wonder of nature and the universe, I became more convince of the supreme intelligence and power of God and thus, fortified my faith more. Human understanding can also never fathom the eternal wisdom of God. Ethics, which is doing the right thing to differentiate from morals, which means to be a good person in a way that ethics only requires following a certain standard of right whereas morals is not subjective. Moral is universal regardless of culture, norm or society. Simply put, being good does not mean following certain rules which ethics

Motivating Factors for Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivating Factors for Strategic Planning - Essay Example Management needs to take the staff members into confidence regarding how the strategic planning process would benefit them individually and collectively. Three key motivating drivers for organizations to engage in the strategic planning process are obtainment of competitive advantage, preparing for the future, and The first motivator to engage in the strategic planning process for an organization is to gain competitive advantage over its contemporaries in the market. Many entrepreneurs with money establish businesses but they do not know what it takes to expand and sustain the business. â€Å"If a business has little idea where it is headed, it will wander aimlessly with priorities changing constantly and employees confused about the purpose of their jobs† (Online Business Advisor, 2006). Strategic planning process allows an organization to focus its manufacturing, marketing, and research efforts in such a way that the end product or service caters for the interest of exactly the population that needs it. The second motivating factor for organizations to engage in the strategic planning process is to prepare for the future. The golden principle that organizations follow is, â€Å"If you don’t know where you’re going, you’ll probably end up someplace else† (Waechter, 2012). The strategic planning process help the organizations achieve this by delineating the steps that lead an organization to its desired future. An additional benefit it provides is that it helps the organizational personnel to optimize on their potential and enhance their productivity since they know what roadmap they have to follow. In short, the strategic planning process helps the management make informed decisions to have long-term benefits for the organization and all people associated with it. Another very important motivating factor for organizations to engage in the strategic planning process is to prepare for change. In the present age, when technology advances

Self evaluation Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Self evaluation - Personal Statement Example bout their favorite sport is a good enough time pass, plus there are people who indulge in sports simply to keep themselves physically as well as mentally fit and then there is the most common reason, which is to win the game. The outline will be evaluated to see that the contents used are strong enough to have an impact on the audience, positively or are the contents just providing people with the general knowledge, which more or less, everybody knows about and is the speaker has a way and techniques to ensnare and engage the audience or not. Hence, this evaluation will be done on delivery of speech, content of speech and goal. The outline gives an idea that the delivery on the speech will be good as the speaker has highlighted the main essence of the topic and even surge forward with the concept of nutrition and bodily health of sports person. However, if the speaker will include a real life incident of an ordinary person or quotation of a sports person and how sports has kept the particular athlete/person physical and mentally stable, then it will give delivery an appealing sound and will instantly attract the audience. Furthermore, another good aspect of the outline is that it illustrates that the writer have not only stick with the sports playing point of view, but also give an angle on the opinion of the spectators, who are not active participant of a sport. This spectator part can play crucial role as the audience who listened to the speech can somehow connect with the information. Moving to the content of the outline, on a basic level the primary requirements are fulfilled that is the inclusion of introduction, body and conclusion, however on closely looking at it the use of Monroe’s motivated sequence is not very clear and vaguely used. For instance, the first criteria for Monroe’s Motivated Sequence is attention getter, this step usually involves quoting a real life incident, sharing something humorous telling a dramatic tory or posing a question so

Contemporary Issues in Global Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Issues in Global Politics - Essay Example This provides for an interesting case study on the motives, ethics and modus operandi of government agencies and media organizations. While the respective governments are the primary participants in a war situation, the media’s role is to document unfolding events in an objective and non-partisan manner. Two particular interpretations, pertaining to governance and journalism were chosen for analysis in this essay, which will substantiate widely held negative sentiments about the American government. The following cases also expose the real agenda of the American government beneath the benevolent faà §ade that mainstream media tries to project (Daalder, 2004). Firstly, In January 1991, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded the small neighboring country of Kuwait. Iraq was in no way provoked by the Kuwaiti leadership. There is no doubt that Saddam Hussein’s action was unwarranted and illegitimate. But, was the response from the rest of the world (particularly the United States), any more legitimate or warranted? Sadly, the answer is in the negative. It is an open secret that the middle-east region is of strategic importance. Any country with aspirations to dominate the world will have to have â€Å"control† over the region’s resources (read oil) and governments. The United States, the only superpower at the time, was not above this ambition. Noted American intellectual Noam Chomsky points to glaring misinformation released by the White House in his book â€Å"What Uncle Sam Really Wants†. In Chomsky’s own words, â€Å"The US wasnt upholding any high principle in the Gulf, nor was any other state. The reason for the unprecedented response to Saddam Hussein wasnt his brutal aggression -- it was because he stepped on the wrong toes. Saddam Hussein is a murderous gangster -- exactly as he was before the Gulf War, when he was our friend and favored trading

LITERATURE REVIEW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

LITERATURE REVIEW - Essay Example † In the same context, the paper therefore seeks to establish the different ethical issues that may affect the running of a multinational company. This is important because the success of human resource management of any company is highly dependent on ethical issues put in place by the entire management board. According to Trevino and Nelson (2012, p.215), ethical issues regardless of the cultural situation are defined by primary and secondary stakeholders. The paper will therefore bring into view the different ethical issues as indicated by the Abraham’s Stakeholder model and try to figure out the strength of these ethical issues as would determine the success of human resource management and progressive development in a company operating multi-nationally. Stakeholders That Determine Company Ethics Business partners Partnership in a business can be a much polarised issue when unethical business actions are put in place by one organization. According to Pige (2002, p.4), a business will run effectively if the business partners perceive it as being beneficial to them. In this case, they are bound to support each other in their various capacities and the various business entities. For instance, if Western Airlines is a company that benefits the economy of a non-western nation like China, the business partners in China will support its operations there. However, if there is suspicion of market dominance by the Chinese partners, there is bound to be creation of unethical business acts to scare away the market from the Western Airlines. This creates a very complicated system in the management of the foreign company as unethical acts may require a lot of public relations to regain the diminishing glory (Phillips, 2011, p. 81). In this case, the issue of â€Å"who or what counts† come in and there is a high level misunderstanding. However, if these two companies have a sound business partnership, there will be a high level ethical business partners hip and ability to create good public relations to each other (Kardys, 2012, p. 2). Customers These are the modest reasons for the existence of any company. From a background perspective, Regelbrugge (1998, p.3) indicates that any business must do all it takes to create a high level market for its products. This is in line with expansion of the customers and rendering their needs to their satisfaction. Any unethical act that hurts the customers goes a long way in alienating a company from a market. Multinational companies in the same way face a very tricky situation in trying to maintain the same in the wake of the unethical issue. A recent article by Soni (2009, p.4) maintained the same idea by insisting that if company staffs mishandle a customer, it may go a long way in becoming unethical in the entire customer society. The business will therefore lose a high level customer base to its competitors who are always at standby to initiate these into their company products. Employees Ethics inside an organization has not been a recent issue. As indicated earlier, the motivation to work effectively is levelled towards the beneficial factors that can be realised at the end of the whole process. Employees always have competing goals. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, there is always a need to be happy and the need for satisfaction comes in. The management levels in all organizations however are never the same. Some are horizontal while

Why Control Development Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why Control Development - Term Paper Example The term ‘planning’ means different things to different people. In this context planning is viewed as a discipline with strong technical basis.   It works in terms of applying various techniques, models and formulas to solve problems. Moreover, it results to presenting itself as a science where it focuses in objectively solving problems by value-neutral planners.   Yet another dimension describes planning as an art of decision and plan making. Planning systems have revolved over time in the need to organize and regulated human society and its surroundings. Diverse societies all over the worlds over centuries have diverse sets of values. Planning systems and their roles change over time due to change of societal values and the advent of technological developments, hence the need to understand the context of social and historical changes.   Theories found in planning focus on how to go about carrying out planning. They focus on procedural matters as compared to substantial matters. They deal with issues such as design methods, decision making, organizations and community action. These could be said to be prescriptive theories because they explain of how to go about carrying our planning tasks.          What is of most important to note is that, planning must work hand in hand with the element of time. Planning should be time sensitive since we do not plan for the past but for the future. Besides, ideas tend to change over time with the outdated ideas exiting o pave way for the current ideas, with a certain capacity of individuals and the society having to carry volumes of ideas within their span of consideration at one time. T here are five schools of planning theory. They include; rational –comprehensive planning theory, advocacy planning theory, incremental list planning theory, and the two branches of communicative planning theory: planning as consensus-seeking and management of conflicts.

A SCENARIO BASED ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A SCENARIO BASED - Essay Example The clincials point out a sense of attitude from the student, their personality, bedside manner and their work ethic. This also gives the student a chance to see whether they like working with patients in certain settings. There are basically three issues in this scenario and two of them are related. The first two issues show that the student is showing up late for their placement and they have missed several times during the four weeks that they have been involved. They are also late coming back from breaks during the day. The other issue is that the student is not really talking about what is going on when they are confronted and therefore are in danger of failing. Although these are the issues presented in the scenario, there is another issue that is important to consider: This placement may not be a fit for this particular student, which could be the reason for their attitude and behaviour. The most obvious issue for the mentor in this situation is what to do about it. The student may fail this aspect of training unless she starts to take responsibility for her behaviour and changes it. The mentor must make a decision about the type of intervention that is needed or whether it is time to fail the student. According to Cleland et al. (2008), there are many factors that influence whether an individual who is underperforming should be failed. One of the challenges with failing a student is that mentors have difficulty doing this if they feel they are stopping a students career. Also, failing a student may depend on what the mentor felt about the student overall. Taking the facts into consideration suggest that the mentor will have to fail this student because they are halfway through the placement and the behaviour has not changed. Their attitude seems to show that they are not interested in the placement. At this point, an assessment of the attitudes, personality and skills would be helpful for the student.

Lifestyle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lifestyle - Essay Example The Spanish way of life is to work hard and party harder which is living it up as we would call it. This reflects in the people of Spain who as studies have shown are a happy crowd, where the people are content without having to extend their daily life to fit in more than is necessary. The weather can be one of the reasons for this laid back lifestyle that has become a part of their culture. It becomes quite difficult to work in the sweltering heat which is why life usually starts after the sun goes down in summer. Everything about Spain would spell holiday for someone who is not used to the culture. The music, dance and food are vibrant and can keep you on a high for as long as you are on a holiday. It could be contagious and make people wish for more. The country itself has an endearing history and background which entices people to leave their homes for this lifetime entertainment. Of course for a person who is from a hi-tech city and one who lives to work would be taken by surprise by the Spanish lifestyle. The amazing family ties which are quite enviable are one of the advantages of the Spanish culture. Children are brought up in a well knit family and are usually the focal point of attention. This is what is lacking in the outside world today where the parents do not have the time to devote to their children. Whereas in Spain time spent with the family is considered of utmost importance and then comes work and pleasure. Invariable the lifestyle becomes healthier and contended. Spain’s culture and society helps you build stronger communal ties and excellent social skills. You cannot help but become friendly in nature unless you want to be the sore thumb in the society where the people are open minded fun loving and friendly and chatting up with someone on the way is a casual occurrence. You have the chance to develop other talents that you

Supernatural Drama Media Essay Essay Example for Free

Supernatural Drama Media Essay Essay Explore how far the Vampire Diaries/Being Human/Misfits DVD cover conforms to genre conventionsIn this essay, I will be analysing the DVD cover of the Vampire Diaries which is a television programme in the teen-supernatural hybrid drama genre. I will also be analysing the covers of Being Human and Misfits and I will compare and contrast them with the Vampire Diaries cover. The typical genre conventions of supernatural dramas are that there are supernatural beings such as ghosts. Werewolves and vampires, and ordinary setting, a trigger/event that leads to the creation of supernatural beings. Ordinary people becoming supernatural or finding out about supernatural beings, and the running theme which is good vs bad. On the front of the Vampire Diaries cover, the title is written in bold white writing. The red ribbon wrapped around the white writing could connote the red strangling the white, or rather the bad strangling the good. There is also a drop of blood that can be seen under the V. Blood is conventional of the vampire story. There is a girl in a red dress which could connote lust, blood, love and danger and she is lying in the middle of two men which could connote a love triangle. The bodies look lifeless but they are looking directly at the camera which could connote that they are the living dead. This contrasts to the drooping tree which looks like it has been drained of life which links to blood being drained. The logo on the Misfits cover is separated, and is tinged pink. The Being Human title is written in a plain, simple font. The Misfits title is the only one that uses an unconventional colour scheme. The Vampire Diaries follows the life of Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev) who falls for a century old vampire Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley). Their lives grow more complicated as Stefans vicious brother Damon (Ian Somerhalder) returns to town with a vendetta against his brother. The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia, a town charged with supernatural history. This cover is the only one that uses conventional colours and gothic themes and the other covers, especially Misfits subvert the genre conventions. The narrative of the Vampire Diaries is very conventional of a supernatural and a teen drama. The elements are there, especially when a love triangle is introduced into the plot. Misfits is a British science-fiction drama television series based on a group of young offenders who obtain supernatural powers after a strange electric storm. The plots of Misfits and Being Human  follow a majority of the genre conventions, but some parts of the narrative completely subvert them. For instance, there is a lightning storm that leads the characters gaining supernatural powers, but they are a group of young offenders and they wouldnt usually be the kind of people to gain powers. On the back cover, there are profile images of each character which are comic-book like, which links with the idea of superheroes which is iconic, but the characters subvert the conventions of superheroes. There is a different colour behind each character which again suggest they are a team of superheroes. In Being Human all three supernatural characters share a flat together in Bristol. The darkness surrounding the characters with some light suggest they are fighting against something evil that is almost taking them in. The messy house suggests chaos and along with the simple font and location suggest the simple they want is not possible. Both programmes would be very ordinary if there was no supernatural element to it. The Vampire Diaires appeals to teenagers, as the characters in it are attractive and are supposed to be around the ages of 17 and onwards. The drama part of the series also deals with some of the social problems and worries teenagers face today. Misfits subverts genre conventions and appeals to its target audience as it contains things like sex, drugs, mystery and action which are endearing to people in this age range and uses the kind of language they would also use which makes the characters seem more realistic. All three programmes have a website where views can interact with each other and can be more involved and learn and watch more about what happens behind the scenes of the shows. The Vampire Diaries is the programme that fully follows the conventions of supernatural drama. The running theme of good vs bad, the colours used and gothic themes. There are lots of different types of supernatural beings involved. The convention of a small historic town is also used. Misfits and Being Human also subvert some of the conventions of supernatural genre. They have ordinary settings but although the narrative revolves around supernatural beings the background of it is quite normal.

Impact Of Population Growth On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

Impact Of Population Growth On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay The world has been experiencing a rapid increase in human population for the past 10, 000 years. According to the most recent U.N. statistics, population has grown from several millions back in the B.C. to over 6.6 billion in the 21st century. Even though the growth rate is gradually slowing, the U.N. population Division still expect the worldwide population to very much hit 9.1 billion by 2050. We have all known for long that the human population is no doubt the chief contributor to environmental woes. The humans are the one demanding fossil fuels to power their tech-savvy lifestyles, clearing forests for agricultural use, and polluting the environment with their industrial activities. More people means more demand for natural resources either mined or drilled from below the Earths surface to be burned for energy. Assuming that each person contributes to a certain amount of the total demand, one could very much imagine the kind of strain that this 2.5 billion of additional population is going to cause to the Earth. With the population expected to rise by that phenomenal amount, environmentalist and the others are getting more concerned with whether the Earth is still able to withstand that loads of demand. We also being concerned aims to examine the causes and impacts of this issue in the report, so that solutions could be proposed to alleviate it. 1.3 Focus In our opinion, we feel that if we can solve the problem of the rising human population growth, we can also solve the environmental problems that is likely to stem from it. The explaination for this reasoning is simple and rather fundamental. The problems merely justify the need to do something about it, whereas the causes is the one that set off the problems. As mentioned earlier on, the crux to the solutions lies very much with the causes itself. Therefore, one could very well expect us to first introduce the problems in the report, before moving on to the more crucial part, its causes and solutions. 1.4 Methodology Information used for this study was mainly obtained from secondary sources such as books, online databases, U.N. publications, and other useful websites. A listing of these useful sources of information can be found at the Appendix 1 as attached in the report. Human population The world population refers to the total number of living humans on Earth at a given time. For the past 10, 000 years, the world has been experiencing a rapid increase in human population. According to the most recent U.N. statistics, population has grown from several millions back in the B.C. to over 6.6 billion in the 21st century. Even though the growth rate is gradually slowing, the U.N. Population Division still expect the worldwide population to very much hit 9.1 billion by 2050. With most of the increase in Asia and Africa, in particular, the poorer nations that have no access to proper family-planning programmes. An alarming issue Rising human population We have all known for long that the human population is no doubt the chief contributor to environmental woes. However, what little know of is that the human population is only one of the several factors that affect the environment. The extent to which population increase can be considered a problem is still reliant on other factors. One widely used formula that could help us understand what factors could actually interplayed to cause that significant impact, would be the IPAT model that John Holdren from Harvard University came up with. This model represents how the total impact on the enviroment results from the interaction among population, affluence and technoloy. An Increased population intensifies impact on the environment as more individuals take up space, use resources, and generate waste. As the population gets older it gets more affluent too, thereby demanding higher living standards to satisfy their wants. To meet the humans instatiable wants, better technology would have to be developed to better mine fossil fuels, clear old-growth forests, or fish. Assuming that everybody has to be fed, clothed, housed and hopefully supported by gainful employment. An increased population would actually means the intensification of the impact that the human population has on the Ecosystem. Hence, the problem is not only that the population is burgeoning. It is also that the usage of the resources, and environmental damages are also increasing at a phenomenol speed. Approach All of us would have known by now that a rising global population has devasting impacts on the Earth. It not only erodes the living standards of the world population, results in poverty in already poor countries, affect a countrys economy, but most importantly has a negative impact on the Ecosystem. We will in this chapter, look in depth how the rising global human population develops into a problem, and the various environmental impacts it has on the Earth. The Problem of Rising Global Human Population Urbanisation is being defined as the physical growth of urban areas as a result of global change. Moreover, It can also be interpreted as the movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth equating to urban migration. The United Nations project suggested that 60% of the worlds population would live in urban areas at the end of 2030. An increased in the population residing there would lead to an increase in consumption of energy, food, water, domestic goods, and land. To accommodate to this increase in demand, more resource extraction, manufacturing, and agricultural production will have to take place. Considering the limited existing resources of an urban city, an expansion of the city would be needed for the above mentioned activities to take place. This expansion of urban areas across the landscape is something also being defined as urban sprawl. In order for urban sprawl to take place, surrounding areas adjoining the edge of the urban cities will have to be made ready. This is usually done through habitat alteration such as, deforestation for urban cities surrounded by forest/mangroves, or land reclaimation for cities corteminous with islands. Environmental Impacts From the above illustration, we can see that a rising population will not only highten the rate of human activites but will also give rise to newer problems such as urban sprawl. All of these problems will then contribute to certain environmental woes which would interplay and lead to further consequences. The following are some environmental issues that are either the direct or indirect impact of a rising global population: Depletion of natural resources Global climate change Loss of biodiversity Depletion of natural resources Depletion of natural resources refers to the over exploitation of the exhaustible group of natural resources. This group of resources comes in the form of renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable natural resources are those that can replenish themselves in a resonable amount of time, however, it can also be depleted should the rate of usage exceed the rate of regeneration. Whereas, non-renewable resources are those that only exist in a fixed quality, and either takes up to millions of year to replace themselves or does not possess the ability to recyle themselves. As the human population rises, human activities such as urban sprawl, resource extraction, manufacturing, and agricultural production are expected to increase too. As all of these activities each demand a certain type of natural resources and energy to support them, an increase in human activities would equate to an increase in demand for these natural resources. Some of the resources that are affected as a result of them are namely, fossil fuels, land, water, and minerals. Fossil Fuels Alongside the increasing demand for petrol and diesel to power transportation, industries and farming, huge quantities of fossil fuel such as crude oil is also needed in the manufacturing of plastic-made products. With oil production likely to increase by nearly 40% from 2006 to 2030; as a result of only the increasing world energy demand of 60%. The real demand for oil is believed to be much more higher. According to British Petroleum the current world oil reserves stand at 1238 billion barrels. And present yearly world oil production stands at 31 billion barrels.  If the current rate of oil discoverage were to remain stagnant or low, oil, the primary source of fossil fuel used to produce energy might very well be depleted before 40 years (The figure as calculated with current consumption rate and the level of reserves). The following is a graph (Figure 1.0) that highlighted the increasing gap between the production rate and discoverage rate of oil supplies. Figure 1.0 (adaptedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..) Land and Water Land degradation refers to deterioration or loss of fertility or productive capacity of the soil. Urban sprawl can dramatically transform the properties of soil, causing it to lose its water permeability and ability to perform essential duties. These duties include the loss of ability to sustain soil biodiversity, crop cultivation, and the reduced effectiveness as a carbon sink. The following graph (Figure 1.1) showed the amount and types of land loss in various European cities that were the result of urban sprawl. Figure 1.1 (adaptedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) On top of all that, rainwater which falls on areas with deterioted land will also be heavily polluted by tire abrasion, dust and high concentrations of heavy metals, which when washed into rivers will degrade the hydrological system. To add insult to injury, the level of water table will also decline as deterioted land can no longer allow water to penetrate throught it. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,   If current trends continue, 90 percent of freshwater supplies will disappear by 2030. Setting all that aside, one still has to take into consideration the soaring increase in use of water for crop cultivation and human consumption. With the supply of water on the shorter end and demand for it on the rise, the UN Millenium Project, 2008a estimated that 3 billion people might face water scarcity by 2025. A remarkable increase from the current figure of 700 millions people. If nothing done about this, the Earth will very soon run out of arable land to support crop cultivation and no longer have enough safe drinking water to support the rising global human population. Minerals Minerals are the backbone of the human civilisation, they are needed in almost all sectors of industries. If we were to look into the manufacturing sector and bulding sector, some minerals used by them would be gold, silver, iron, cemet, and copper. Since there is a direct relationship between the human population and the industries, a booming population will also lead to an increase in the consumption of minerals. A good example to substantiate the direct impact a growing population would have on minerals would be the example on Spain. For years, the efforts to support the growing population in Spain, have resulted in major expansion of construction activities, mainly along the coast and around major cities. As a result, the consumption of concrete has also increased by a wide margin of 120 % since 1996, reaching a level of 51.5 million tons in 2005. Taking into account the non-renewable characteristic of minerals and the direct relationship it has with the human population. A surge in the human population might cause the limited stock of minerals to undergo depletion in the near future. Loss of biodiveristy Biodiversity may be defined as the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or the entire Earth. Biodiversity is earths primary life support system and is a pre-condition for human survival. As population grow, develop and modify their environment, their activities inevitably affect biodiversity. To understand the impacts of human population growth on biodiversity, a study into it had been carried out in Canada. The findings reveal that human activities such as agricultural activities, urbanisation, and manufacturing are the primary causes of the decline of biodiversity in Canada. Agricultural activities Agricultural is the production of goods and food through farming. It is reported that Agriculture has had a significant effect on biodiversity because of its prevalence over the landscape. Loss of native habitat in Canada due to farming has been significant. As a result of agricultural activities, Canada lost more than 85% of shortgrass prairie, 80% of mixed-grass prairie, 85% of aspen parkland and almost its entire native tallgrass prairie. Loss of habitat, coupled with farming practises of using only a few strains genetically-engineered crop, has resulted in the endangerment of a disproportionately large number of plants and animal species in Canada. To prepare a piece of land for agricultural activities, the natural vegetation has to be first removed from it. Without the natural vegetations protection, the topsoil, a surface layer of soil that is rich in nutrients and beneficial microorganisms, can be easily eroded away by surface water, or winds. In Quebec, it is estimated that 3.4 million tonnes of soil per year are eroded by water. Soil erosion renders an area barren and unsuitable for plants that were initially growing there. To add on to that, soil that has been washed away and deposited in waterways, also destroys the fragile life forms in it. If water can carry away soil, it can also cause the runoff of pesticides and fertilizers that are applied in abundance to commercial crops, and of course the wastes of cattle and livestock. In Quebec, between 1990 and 1991, an impressive amount of 190 000 tonnes of nitrogen and 120 000 tonnes of phosphorus were applied to agricultural lands in the form fertilizers, or were present as livestock wastes. As these excess nutrients enter the lakes and rivers, Eutrophication of aquatic environment can occur; altering and degrading the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems. With 64 out of 105 developing countries studied by the UN Food and Agriculture Ogranisation seeing their population growing at a speed faster than the food supplies, the increase in agricultural activities worldwide is imminent. Therefore, one should expect the loss of biodiversity as a result of pollutants coming from agricultural activities to swell around the globe. Urbanisation It is estimated that between 1871 and 1991, the Canadian population living in urban centers have increased from19% to  77%. To accommodate to this increase, the initial urban centres that stand on 0.7% of Canadas total area, have been expanding over the last few decades. In the twenty years spanning 1971 to 1991, the total area of the Montreal Urban Community increased from 2674 km2 in 1971 to 3509 km2, the Quebec City area increased from 907 km2 to 3150 km2, and the Sherbrooke and Trois-Rivieres became classified as urban centers. With the majority of large cities located within the St. Lawrence lowlands, a ecozone that is very biologically rich. An expanding city is bound to displace the many species that depend on that ecozone as habitat. Manufacturing In Cananda, manufacturing is the main economy in Quebec, it not only employs the most number of people, but also contribute the highest proportion of Quebecs GDP. Due to the unique nature of this sector of industry, many harmful pollutants are constantly being emited from its operations. Water-borne pollutants include metals, organic chemicals, and suspended sediments that are usually found in industrial discharges. These toxic discharges when flow into the water, can inversely affect the biota in an ecosystem by killing them, weakening them, or deterioting their ability to reproduce. As mentioned earlier on, the majority of large cities are concentrated within the St. Lawrence watershed. Therefore, any harmful discharges from the industries can quickly reach and harm the living organisms in it. Air-borne pollutants include carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and acid precipiation that can usually be found in the smoke fumes from factories and motor vehicles. It had been found out that air emissions from the Inco steel smelter in Sudbury, Ontario were directly responsible for a significant portion of the acid rain in eastern North America. Consequently, the surrounding lakes, which is home to fish, mollusk and other amphibian populations, were acidified. Since these amphibian species will not be able to survive in acidic condition, a lake hit by acid rain will result in the death of them. Furthermore, air-borne pollutants such as carbon dioxide and methane also give rise to a whole new environmental problem, which is being known as Global Climate Change. We will in the following paragraphs look into what this is all about. Global Climate Changes Global climate change refers to the change in global temperatures and precipitation over time due to natural variability or to human activity. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC), ever since the start of the industrial revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have rose from 280 parts per million to 379 parts per million in the last 150 years. Furthermore, findings also concluded that there is a higher than 90 percent probability that human-produced greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have caused much of the observed increase in Earths temperatures over the past 50 years. While we all know that human activities were the cause of global climate changes, the main causes of the current global warming trend is actually the result of human expansion of greenhouse effect a process in which the heat leaving the Earth is being trapped by the greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases include, water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitirious oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. On Earth, the composition of natural greenhouse has been constantly altered by human activities. Over the years, the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. On a smaller scale, the clearing of forests for agriculture, industry, and other human activities, have also resulted in an increase in the concentrations of greenhouse gases. From the relationship between the human population and humans industrial activities, it is undisputed that any increase in the human population will lead to an increase of greenhouse emissions, which will eventually accelerates the rate of global climate change. The following table summarises the regional impacts of global climate change by the IPPC: Region Impacts North America Decreasing snowpack in the western mountains; 5-20 percent increase in yields of rain-fed agriculture in some regions; increased frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves in cities that currently experience them. Latin America Gradual replacement of tropical forest by savannah in eastern Amazonia; risk of significant biodiversity loss through species extinction in many tropical areas; significant changes in water availability for human consumption, agriculture and energy generation. Europe Increased risk of inland flash floods; more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion from storms and sea level rise; glacial retreat in mountainous areas; reduced snow cover and winter tourism; extensive species losses; reductions of crop productivity in southern Europe. Africa By 2020, between 75 and 250 million people are projected to be exposed to increased water stress; yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50 percent in some regions by 2020; agricultural production, including access to food, may be severely compromised. Asia Freshwater availability projected to decrease in Central, South, East and Southeast Asia by the 2050s; coastal areas will be at risk due to increased flooding; death rate from disease associated with floods and droughts expected to rise in some regions. Figure 1.2 (Adapted from: http://climate.nasa.gov/effects/) On top of all that, the global climate change also indirectly resulted in the loss of biodiversity. As the global temperature rises, crop that used to grow best at certain temperature, will not be able to adapt, and will die off eventually. On the other hand, the higher temperature will also melt the glaciers and the artic sea ice, a habitat to animals such as, polar bears and penguins. Conclusion According to U.N. population division, the worldwide population has a high likelihood of hitting 9.1 billion by 2050. From this figure, it is easy to see that even if the current world population of 6.6 billion does not increase it consumtion per capita, we will still have to use up more resources to support this higher number of population. Hence, there is an urgent need to do something about the rising global huamn population, as the devasting envrionmental effects we discussed earlier on have a direct relationship with it.

Conflict Theory in Sociology

Conflict Theory in Sociology Social class is often defined as the amount of education, income, and status people have. As we know, getting an education is one of the most effective approaches for ensuring employment and an increase in income, which adds up to higher status or social class. Many people often do not have the income in order to pursue higher education. This gives them the title or identification of being one of the lower class groups in our society. If this remains to be the situation, then there is little hope for those people that are living below the poverty line. I believe that evaluation research would be the best method, because it evaluates the both publicly and privately government and nonprofit programs. Sociologists use all of the collecting methods like surveys, secondary analysis and content analysis, and surveys. It is used to help the programs that are in need which can include: work-training programs and housing programs and all sorts of other programs. The advantages of evaluation research are dealing with the social programs that are going on with society. It shows how the programs are doing compared against other programs and how they are improving in a certain amount of time and with what help from the government. The disadvantages of evaluation research would be that it is very frustrating to find out that one program is in need of help and they are steady helping other programs that are not in need. They are also finding out that mistakes are being made and nothing is being done about them. Agents of socialization are believed to provide the critical information needed for children to function successfully as a member of society. Some examples of such agents are family, schools, peers, and the media. Each agent of socialization is linked to another. For example, in the media, symbolic images affect both the individual and the society, making the mass media the most controversial socialization agent. Family is a fundamental social institution in society, the family, is considered the primary and most important agent of socialization. With the family taking the responsibility of nurturing, teaching the norms or accepted behaviors within the family structure and within society. There are many types of families, which can be described as a set of relationships including parents and children and can include anyone related by blood or adoption. Family is the most important, for it is within the family that the child is first socialized to serve the needs of the society and no t only its own needs. Socialization is learning the customs, attitudes, and values of a social group, community, or culture. Socialization is essential for the development of individuals who can participate and function within their societies, as well as for ensuring that a societys cultural features will be carried on through new generations. Socialization is most strongly enforced by family, school, and peer groups and continues throughout an individuals lifetime. The purpose of these experiments was to see if individual would be swayed by public pressure to go along with the incorrect answer. Asch believed that conformity reflects on relatively rational process in which people are pressurized to change peoples behavior. Asch designed to measure the pressure of a group situation upon an individual judgment. Asch wanted to proof that conformity can really play a big role in disbelieving our own senses. Milgrams experiment was done to determine whether or not the power of the situation could cause average people to conform to obedience. The results of Milgrams experiment were astounding. The research of Milgrams experiment had such a major impact on social psychology that we still use his findings to analyze human behavior today. Zimbardo conducted a controversial study known as the Stanford prison experiment. The experiment was a psychological study of human reactions to being imprisoned and how the effects would interfere with the normal behav iors of both authorities and the inmates in prison. Zimbardo and his team hypothesized that prison guards and convicts were self-selecting of a certain disposition that would naturally lead to poor conditions. In his explanation of groupthink, Janis describes three different types of group members: dominant members who introduce and implement their ideas upon others; consensus followers who listen and concede to others ideas; and independent thinkers who question the ideas presented and possibly introduce ideas of their own. Whether members of the group are dominant members, consensus followers, or independent thinkers who deviate from the norm, one thing is sure; impression management is a key strategy in group participation. Society today has primarily become McDonaldized in its way of thinking and doing everyday activities. It is the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world. McDonaldization is a way of life. It affects not only the food industry, but also healthcare, education, the workplace and almost everything else we do. The reason for this is because society is becoming fast pace and there is a need for efficiency, calculability, predictability and control. Since society is fast paced, there is no time for traditional ways of doing things. People are stuck on this new way of thinking, McDonaldization. In the fast-food industry, people benefit in all areas. With the availability of fast food chains around the world people can do less work, use spare time efficiently, get more for less and know what exactly to expect when they sit down to eat something. The conflict theory perspective is a framework for a building theory that sees society as an area of inequality generating conflict and social change. This focuses on the inequalities within our society and the conflict that they cause between the advantaged and the disadvantaged. The unequal distribution of money, gender, class, and age shows inequality. People who embrace the conflict perspective believe that gender, race, and class should not be lead to have favored treatment. Many of these people do not have marketable job skills and few means to attain them due to their lack of finances. Social class is often defined as the amount of education, income, and status people have. As we know, getting an education is one of the most effective approaches for ensuring employment and an increase in income, which adds up to higher status or social class. Many people often do not have the income in order to pursue higher education. This gives them the title or identification of being one o f the lower class groups in our society. If this remains to be the situation, then there is little hope for those people that are living below the poverty line. The inequalities and conflict of social class is leading towards a social change. The federal and state governments have implemented different types of financial assistance for people that are living below the poverty line. The government has made it easier for these individuals to apply for student loans so that they may pursue higher education and job skills. Abortion is one of the most controversial topics of all times. It has caused countless deaths and several violent confrontations between the two separate parties of opinion. The fight between pro-life and pro-choice supporters has been long and brutal. This is because, despite what several people may believe, abortion is neither right nor wrong. It is the matter of a personal opinion, where, each side can say with certainty that the other one is wrong. The controversial debate over whether same sex marriage should be legalized has gained a lot of attention in recent years and there are strong arguments for each side of the issue. There are many different factors that must be looked at when considering same-sex marriage. A marriage is not something that is just slapped on a piece of paper to show a couples love; it involves legal, social, economic, and spiritual issues. This idea of homosexuality is so frowned upon that no one even cares about the homosexuals reasons for being the way they are. No one bothers to ask if they chose to be that way. Some people think that being a homosexual is a crime. People just cannot seem to grasp the fact that these men and women who are homosexual did not chose to be this way Urbanization refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization. When more and more inanimate sources of energy were used to enhance human productivity (industrialization), surpluses increased in both agriculture and industry. Larger and larger proportions of a population could live in cities. Economic forces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate factories and their workers. Urbanization has a tremendous impact on the environment and the links between the two are severely complex. A majority of the carbon emissions are released in urban cities and the clearing of land and forests and for building, developing and expansion of cities remains one of the major contributors in the augmentation of carbon levels in the environment. Additionally, transportation in urban areas, for people as well as goods and services contributes substantia lly to the rise in carbon dioxide in the air.

Essay --

With the growing number of people supporting the legalization of marijuana is it time to pass laws and make recreational use legal, or do all faults outweigh the good? The debate on whether marijuana should be legalized is currently a controversial topic. Many people have expressed their views on the topic, supporting their reasons for whether they think marijuana should be legalized. For some states it was easier to decide if the pros of legalizing marijuana outweighed the cons; such as Colorado and Washington. These states have already legalized the recreational use of marijuana. Marijuana is a fast-growing bushy plant with dense sticky flowers. It has been a part of our American culture for hundreds of years. It has been referred to as a poison, drug and narcotic. It is believed that marijuana was introduced by the Spanish in 1545 to Chile. In America the plant was first grown in Virginia and Massachusetts in the sixteen hundreds. It became a major commercial crop that was grown along with tobacco and was a source of fiber for fabric, rope and cloth. Later it was used to treat many health problems. During the 19th century many medical articles were written discussing marijuana’s value in treating conditions. The plant was considered legal from the 1600’s until the 19th century. Marijuana became popular in the mid-19th century and was in most drugstores through the beginning of the 20th century. It was around this time that recreational use of marijuana was becoming acknowledged. Marijuana has been illegal in the United States since t he Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. This is a federal law that made the possession or transfer of marijuana illegal throughout the United States. This law was the precursor to the crimina... ...ression, motivational syndrome, and even death. The brain damage has been shown to cause memory loss and difficulty in problem solving. In males, it will lower testosterone levels, lower sperm count, and may cause impotence. In females, marijuana may have some effects on pregnancy and can also cause birth defects. Legalization of marijuana could eventually lead to the legalization of harder drugs. Slowly progressing till it becomes possible for harder drugs to gain acceptance. Drugs like heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines, which many view now as unacceptable could eventually be up for legalization. Both sides give legitimate reasons whether it was for or against the legalization and should be taken into consideration. In the end when all sides of the argument are considered, it is simply a matter of opinion on whether you think marijuana should be legalized.